[Research: Jupiter Ultra Users Experience Significantly Fewer Sandwich Attacks Compared to Peers, Solana Records 28 Million Over Three Years] According to a report by Crypto Briefing on September 28, an arXiv paper (dated September 23) jointly published by Category Labs, ETH Zurich, Flashbots, and the University of Lisbon conducted a three-year study on sandwich attacks across six major blockchains. The results show that Solana recorded approximately 28 million attacks over three years; transactions protected by Jupiter Ultra experienced significantly fewer attacks, with an excess attack ratio of only 0.7 and a single victim scenario ratio of 2.0, far lower than Axiom (18.9), Photon (11.1), and others. The study suggests that application-layer routing and privacy design are more critical than the underlying blockchain, but sandwich attacks on Solana have not been eliminated, and validators remain a risk vector.