Vitalik's latest insights are thought-provoking: the three-layer architecture of blockchain scalability—computation, data, and state. The computation layer is the easiest to scale, as it can be solved through parallel processing. The data layer is in the middle, where sharding can elegantly degrade performance. But the state layer is the hardest to overcome—verifying a single transaction requires the full state, and even with tree structures, the full state is still needed to update the root hash. This explains why most Layer 2 solutions focus on computation scalability, while state scalability remains a major challenge for the industry. A true breakthrough might require fundamental innovation at the architectural level.