Tech guru Andrej Karpathy reflects on the development of large models in 2025. Key points: 1. In 2025, Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) becomes the new core component of LLM training. 2. Cursor is a brand-new application-level product. Its rocket-like growth proves that above foundational large models, there exists a robust and opportunity-filled 'application layer.' 3. Claude Code convincingly showcases the true nature of an LLM Agent for the first time. It’s no longer just a simple Q&A bot but solves problems continuously in a cyclical manner. 4. 2025 marks a critical milestone for AI programming capabilities. Vibe Coding will fundamentally reshape the entire software industry, completely transforming the job descriptions and workflows of software engineers. 5. The Gemini Nano Banana model is one of the most stunning and paradigm-shifting models of 2025, paving the way for future graphical interactions with LLMs.