Fusaka Upgrade Outlook: Bottom level Refactoring of Ethereum Expansion, Governance, and Interoperability The Fusaka upgrade is an important milestone in the evolution of the Ethereum architecture, which includes a long list of improvement proposals. Excluding those purely low-level technologies towards EIP, there are three core changes that have the most critical impact on the ecosystem architecture, which respectively reconstruct data availability, governance resilience, and cryptographic compatibility. one ️⃣ PeerDAS: A paradigm shift in data availability The core bottleneck of Ethereum scalability lies in the confrontation between node bandwidth and state expansion. The introduction of PeerDAS by Fusaka has completely changed the way nodes verify data. In traditional mode, nodes need to download the complete Blob to confirm data availability. PeerDAS introduces Erasure Coding technology, allowing nodes to randomly download only about 1/8 of the samples in the data matrix and verify the integrity of the data through mathematical probability. This mechanism decouples' data validation capability 'from' single node bandwidth '. Without increasing the hardware burden on nodes, the data throughput capacity of the main network can theoretically be gradually expanded from the current 6 to 64 or even higher, providing a true linear expansion foundation for Rollup. two ️⃣ BPO mechanism: Agile governance of protocol parameters The introduction of BPO (Blob Parameter Only) in EIP-7892 has changed Ethereum's long-standing hard coded governance model, decoupling Blob key parameters from client code and achieving "parameter hot updates" without the need for network wide hard fork code upgrades. This upgrade will adopt a "three-stage" strategy to balance technical stability and expansion requirements: December 3rd (Fusaka landing): Activate PeerDAS logic, but keep the parameters Target 6/Max 9 unchanged as a technical security observation period. December 9th (BPO 1): First parameter hot update executed, Target increased to 10 and Max increased to 15. January 7, 2026 (BPO 2): Second parameter adjustment, Target increased to 14 and Max increased to 21. This means that Ethereum has a response mechanism similar to "continuously variable speed", which can more flexibly adjust network throughput based on L2 supply and demand relationships. three ️⃣ EIP-7951: Hardware level compatibility of cryptographic primitives The mainstream security chips for mobile devices, such as the Apple Secure Enclave, commonly use the NIST standard secp256r1 curve, while Ethereum natively supports secp256k1. This curve incompatibility makes it difficult to popularize mobile hardware wallets. So EIP-7951 added a precompiled contract for secp256r1 in EVM. Previously, verifying r1 signatures through Solidity simulation required hundreds of thousands of gas, but after upgrading, the cost has been reduced to approximately 6900 gas. This improvement enables smart contract wallets (AA) to low-cost and directly call biometric signatures generated by mobile TEE (Trusted Execution Environment). This establishes interoperability between traditional hardware infrastructure and the Ethereum account system from the bottom up. Expand in detail