In 2025, Ethereum has two important upgrades, namely Pectra and Fusaka, which are considered successfully completed. In 2026, Ethereum's pace remains tight, with plans for two significant upgrades (hard forks), one being Glamsterdam (around mid-year) and the other Heze-Bogota (around the end of the year). These two upgrades aim to further enhance Ethereum's TPS, privacy, and security.

The Glamsterdam upgrade aims to make Ethereum faster and cheaper, focusing on several aspects: parallel processing, an increase in gas limits, and ZK proof verification.

Parallel processing refers to the current state of Ethereum being a single-lane road, where transactions are processed one by one, leading to congestion. Parallel processing allows for multi-lane operation, enabling multiple transactions to be processed simultaneously. This can help speed up Ethereum.

The increase in gas limits means that gas, which is the "fuel cost" for transactions, currently has a limit of 60 million units per block, but after the upgrade, it can be raised to 200 million (or even 300 million). This way, a single block in Ethereum can accommodate more transactions.

ZK proof verification previously required validators to repeatedly rerun all transactions to check for correctness, but with ZK proofs, direct verification of results can be achieved. This saves time, effort, and money, making the process more efficient.

With parallel processing, increased gas limits, and ZK proof verification, if the upgrades can be completed as planned in 2026 (this premise is crucial), Ethereum L1 has the potential to gradually achieve the TPS target of 10,000. Coupled with the continued expansion of Blobs (which could reach 72 or more), L2's TPS will also see a significant increase. After the 2026 upgrades, the performance of the Ethereum ecosystem should be able to support various current application scenarios.

The Heze-Bogota upgrade mainly considers addressing the shortcomings in privacy and security.

For example, introducing Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists (abbreviated as FOCIL), this mechanism allows multiple validators to collectively force certain transactions into blocks, ensuring that even if there are malicious actors in the network attempting to censor, transactions can still go through smoothly, enhancing resistance to suppression. It will strengthen privacy protection, making transaction details harder for others to spy on, such as through better encryption or anonymity technologies. It will promote decentralization, reducing reliance on a few large nodes, making the entire network more distributed and less susceptible to manipulation or attacks.

The above is just the current outlook; specific implementations may change over time, and updates on the progress of concrete landing plans can be followed at any time.

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