Vitalik's latest speech: The three major breaths of Ethereum L1 and the solutions revealed.

From World Computer to Lean Ethereum: Achieving Trustless Verification

Author: tcoratger

Translated by: Baihua Blockchain

Ethereum is transitioning from a conceptual world computer to a powerful, privacy-preserving stack.

From EIP-7732 to zkVMs and lean Ethereum, this is a technical analysis from @VitalikButerin's latest talk at Devconnect ARG.

Philosophy: Verification vs. Trust

Centralized entities rely on "not doing evil."

Ethereum enforces "cannot do evil" through protocol constraints. It creates a trustworthy, neutral platform that verifies user states rather than trusting the solvency of institutions.

World Computer

Unlike purpose-specific protocols, Ethereum accepts general flexibility.

It is not designed for infinite scalability (e.g., LLM reasoning) but for global consensus. It maintains a single state and withstands geopolitical pressures.

Validity and Double Spending

In addition to DeFi, the chain arbitrates ordering. Without consensus, peer-to-peer networks allow double spending.

The effect extends to Proof of Inexistence—cryptographically proving the scarcity of assets or that certain specific events did not occur.

Current L1 Limitations

Isolated blockchains have flaws:

Privacy: Transactions are public ("the Twitter of your bank account").
Latency: Decentralization limits speed; 50ms requires centralization.
Data: Real-world data cannot be accessed directly without a front-end.

Cryptographic Stack

Solution: Temporary Cryptography.

ZKPs (Zero-Knowledge Proofs): Verification without data disclosure.
MPC/FHE (Multi-Party Computation/Fully Homomorphic Encryption): Computing on encrypted inputs.

This will shift the paradigm to consumption-centric collaborative computing.

Scalability (2025-26)

Gas limits are increasing.

Key upgrades:

EIP-7732 (PBS): Validators spend more time processing, without leading to centralization.
Block-Level Access Lists: Achieving batch transaction processing, breaking through serial execution bottlenecks.

Return of Full Nodes

Synchronization requires TB-level data and several days. zkVMs change this.

By using SNARKs to verify execution instead of recalculating history, computational requirements are close to zero. This makes mobile original nodes and decentralization possible.

Censorship and User Experience (2026-27)

FOCIL: Allows a broader set of validators to initiate "mini-blocks," enhancing inclusion guarantees.
Account Summaries: Smart wallets implement key rotation and social recovery, reducing reliance on centralization.

Lean Ethereum (Long-Term)

Optimizing the stack:

zk π-type coordinates (Poseidon).
Formal Verification.
Single-Slot Finality.
Quantum Resistance.

The focus is on security, simplicity, and mathematical optimality.

Conclusion

Ethereum is the standard bearer for a free, open internet.

By combining the robustness of L1 with privacy layers and zk technology, it achieves large-scale collaboration.

The goal remains: a trusting, cooperative world.

Article link: https://www.hellobtc.com/kp/du/11/6131.html

Source: https://x.com/tcoratger/status/1991437815973110161

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