ERC-4337 Report
Compiled by: DeepTech TechFlow
The ERC-4337 Account Abstraction grant project has successfully concluded. This grant program will support 18 teams in building diverse projects around ERC-4337 (also known as Account Abstraction).
Each team's project uniquely aligns with the goals funded by ERC-4337 AA, and we believe the results of these efforts will have a ripple effect throughout the entire ecosystem, sparking new ideas and collaboration opportunities.
The passionate and talented individuals driving these projects are at the core of the success of this round of funding. They have demonstrated a deep understanding of the Ethereum ethos and are committed to pushing the boundaries of possibility. The recipients of this round of funding possess a variety of skills and experiences, collectively dedicated to advancing the capabilities of Ethereum.
To understand the situation of each project and its leadership team, we have written project overviews provided by the teams themselves (in no particular order). As these projects progress, we eagerly anticipate their developments and the potential impact on the trajectory of Ethereum's development.
ZeroDev Kernel
ZeroDev Kernel, or Kernel for short, is an intelligent contract account designed from scratch with the following features:
Designed for AA wallets - Kernel is compatible with ERC-4337;
Efficiency - We place great emphasis on optimizing its gas usage;
Modular - Kernel can be extended through "plugins".
Plugins are smart contracts that customize account behavior. We recognize that it is impossible to predict users' needs for smart contract accounts, as they will interact with many different DApps while using the account. Therefore, the only solution is to make the account extensible so that users can add new features to their accounts over time.
As of the writing of this article, Kernel is the most widely used AA account on all major EVM networks (Ethereum/Polygon/Arbitrum/Optimism/Base). Kernel is a project of ZeroDev, which provides infrastructure and tools for developers to integrate AA.
Etherspot's Skandha Bundler
ERC-4337 introduces a dedicated memory pool for executing activities related to abstracting accounts. Additionally, it introduces a novel concept called "bundler" to merge user operations into traditional transaction frameworks. This bundler-driven approach enables the execution and implementation of account abstraction without altering the underlying protocol. This mechanism also lays the foundation for seamless integration in the future. In this scenario, the importance of the P2P interface in the bundler becomes apparent. By integrating the P2P interface, user operations received by a specific bundler will propagate among all interconnected nodes. Therefore, even if a specific bundler exhibits faulty behavior or conducts transaction reviews, these user operations can still be processed by other bundlers in the network.
The Etherspot team has helped the Ethereum Foundation develop a protocol specification for a shared memory pool and is piloting the implementation of a shared memory pool (P2P interface) using Etherspot's bundler, named Skandha. It is available on six test networks and eleven mainnets, including Ethereum, Polygon, Optimism, Arbitrum, Fuse, Mantle, Gnosis, Base, Avalanche, BNB, and Linea.
MynaWallet
MynaWallet is a contract account integrated with the identity card issued by the Japanese government (Myna Card), which is currently held by approximately 100 million residents. MynaWallet enables users to seamlessly make token payments, transfers, or receive NFTs, and execute any transactions supported by their accounts without being aware of the existence of cryptocurrencies.
This has the potential to enable the majority of Japanese residents to access cryptocurrencies. If this initiative can serve as a precedent and inspire other countries to connect their national identity infrastructure to Ethereum and introduce their residents to the cryptocurrency space, we would be very pleased.
Blocto: AA Support for web3.js
We believe that our Web3.js project not only aligns with the goals funded by ERC-4337 AA but also plays a significant role in the broader field of dApp development.
To advance the development of ERC-4337, we have decided to share 4337-specific RPC methods through Web3.js, such as sendUserOperation, estimateUserOperationGas, getUserOperationByHash, getUserOperationReceipt, and supportedEntryPoints.
By doing so, developers can focus on what truly matters to them: creating amazing dApps. For example, if dApps want to provide a better user experience, they can change the method calls from sendTransaction to sendUserOperation as long as the wallet provider supports this feature.
Blocto firmly believes that simplifying these processes will foster the growth of a supportive dApp ecosystem and ultimately usher in a new era of decentralized applications that are both developer-focused and user-focused.
Silius
Silius is a modular and efficient Rust implementation of an ERC-4337 bundler. This project fully aligns with the broader vision and ecosystem of ERC, staying in sync with specification changes and supporting upcoming features such as P2P protocols and alternative memory pools. The bundler's structure allows its core building blocks—main components and libraries—to be reused as building blocks in other AA projects in the ecosystem. Silius also contributes to the Rust Ethereum ecosystem by building and extending on other Rust libraries and projects.
Schnorrkel.js
It is important to emphasize the fact that Schnorr signatures are enabled by account abstraction. Without account abstraction, each dapp would have to write Schnorr signature handling in its contracts and explain to the world and EOA wallets why they have to sign two messages (ECDSA for the memory pool, Schnorr for actual transactions), making it very cumbersome to use. All these issues are addressed by account abstraction. Simply sign the UserOperation with Schnorr and pass it to the payer. Schnorr signature verification is handled by the AA smart contract. In other words, AA makes different signature schemes possible.
Why use multi-signature Schnorr?
Complexity is handled off-chain, making Schnorr verification on-chain very cheap (about 3k gas);
Privacy—on-chain, no one knows the number of participants as they are represented by a single address.
QR-Seal is a Schnorr multi-signature wallet fully compatible with ERC-4337, using the funded Schnorr library, AA, and payer using Ambire Wallet contract and Pimlico. We participated in the ETH Prague hackathon and won the ETH Future category with QR seal. This hackathon highlighted how two people created a multi-signature wallet through QR codes and passed data.
Ambire: Self-hosted Email/Password Authentication via DKIM
Email registration is a viable method for introducing new users to the crypto world, as it provides a familiar process for access and recovery using email. We will provide a simpler, more localized way to add recovery mechanisms or transaction signing to account abstraction wallets while providing higher security. This type of recovery or transaction signing will enhance the self-hosted nature and user experience of new users in Web3.
Such a library will reduce the effort required by other developers to provide a more user-friendly user experience application while focusing on AA solutions.
Additionally, we believe that such applications will greatly attract new users to the Web3 world.
The library will be fully open-source and licensed under permissive licenses like MIT, just like all our current efforts in DKIM verification or email/password accounts.
Ambire is a web-based account abstraction wallet launched at the end of 2021 and is the first to offer self-hosted account creation through email/password authentication, thanks to the underlying 2/2 multi-signature.
After running on the mainnet and other EVM networks for a year, we believe that email/password accounts demonstrate how account abstraction makes Ethereum more inclusive. We found that email-based registration is very suitable for those who do not have the technical ability or patience to handle seed phrases or browser extensions.
Ambire smart accounts offer options for multiple signers. We support two types of signers. The first is email/password signers, and the second is EOA, such as hardware wallets, browser extensions (Web3 wallets), and more.
When using email/password signers, Ambire will create a 2/2 multi-sign behind the scenes for you, with one key residing on your device and encrypted with a password, and the other key responsible for verifying the email confirmation code and stored on the backend HSM. Control of the account requires two keys, but only one key is needed to trigger the timed recovery process.
We provide recovery options for email/password accounts in case of lost password or email access. If only one key signs a transaction, the contract will trigger a 72-hour timelock recovery. After 72 hours, the missing key in the transaction will be replaced by a new key provided by the user in the same transaction.
IoTeX: ZKP-Based Account Abstraction Wallet
Utilizing zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP), we have enhanced and expanded the potential of on-chain games, DeFi, DeSocial, DePIN, and other applications with a ZKP-based account abstraction wallet, establishing interoperability between Ethereum and real-world applications.
ERC-4337 Report
Compiled by: DeepTech TechFlow
This wallet uses zkSNARK to confirm account access: if users have the correct password, they can use the prover to generate a valid proof to unlock the account. The on-chain smart contract then verifies this proof to authenticate transactions.
Our forward-looking vision involves applying zero-knowledge proofs to various aspects of account abstraction wallets, including conducting wallet operations through web2 identity verification, using web2 social media status for social recovery, and initializing zero-balance wallets through ubiquitous web2 payment channels.
The project team consists of two senior researchers from the IoTeX team.
SixdegreeLab: On-Chain Data Analysis
The original vision of this project is to provide necessary knowledge and skills for Web3 data analysts to adapt to the changes in Ethereum and EVM chain data structures caused by ERC-4337 and to maintain effective on-chain data analysis. Specifically, the project will:
- Provide several data metrics dashboards to help account abstraction practitioners understand the ecosystem data. Additionally, create an aggregated data table to assist analysts in their work.
- Provide an educational tutorial document covering the impact of account abstraction on on-chain data analysis, open to Web3 data analysts to adapt to the new data structures and effectively conduct on-chain data analysis in Web3.
- As more participants engage in account abstraction, including infrastructure, dApps, and mainstream users, a data perspective report is needed to illustrate the current adoption status of ERC-4337.
By addressing the impact of ERC-4337 on on-chain data analysis and exploring native account abstraction mechanisms in other Layer2 and EVM chains, this project can provide valuable insights and resources for data analysts working in the Ethereum ecosystem. This, in turn, can help identify and mitigate vulnerabilities and performance issues on the Ethereum platform more effectively, ensuring its continued success and growth.
Overall, this project can help ensure that on-chain data analysis remains a valuable and effective tool in the Ethereum community and contributes to the growth and success of the Ethereum ecosystem by providing insights and resources to data analysts working in Ethereum, Layer2, and EVM chains.
Jam: Picnic's DeFi Transaction Batch Processor
Jam is an open-source API designed to generate DeFi operations for ERC-4337 applications. The goal is to enable developers to easily offer various DeFi products through a simple API while making DeFi more accessible to end users. You can ask Jam how to execute specific DeFi operations and receive the calldata necessary to complete all required steps in a single transaction.
Over the past two years, we (Picnic) have collaborated with various DeFi integrations and have experienced the challenges of maintaining this infrastructure. We believe that the best way forward is to transform it into a public good, and the funding from the Ethereum Foundation is an excellent way to coordinate with the community.
TokenSight: Multi-Factor Authentication for Account Abstraction using WebAuthn
TokenSight aims to address issues related to on-chain smart contract wallet security, with a focus on creating an ERC-4337 smart contract wallet with a WebAuthn device and providing developer tools for existing ERC-4337 wallets to add WebAuthn devices as a multi-factor transaction authorization mechanism.
Our approach is based on a fully on-chain, gas-cost-optimized WebAuthn signature verification scheme, without using any MPC architecture, to provide maximum security and decentralization.
The project team consists of Nasi and Blagoj, who have years of experience in the blockchain industry. We are passionate about smart contract security and believe that providing maximum security and a seamless user experience for funds in users' smart contract wallets is crucial to attracting the next billion users. We are currently building Tokensight, which will be the first application to use our open-source WebAuthn wallet.
ZK-Team: Privacy-Preserving Account Abstraction by PriFi Labs
A valuable aspect of account abstraction is its ability to facilitate shared ownership of accounts among team members, allowing them to seamlessly transact as a unified entity. Organizations can create an abstract account and establish predefined rules to manage authorized individuals and their allocated spending limits. In a simple setup, team members' addresses and their respective allowances may be written to the blockchain. This raises a reasonable privacy concern, as organizations may be unwilling to publicly disclose this sensitive information.
ZK-Team is a proof-of-concept for a privacy-preserving abstract account that allows organizations to manage team members while maintaining individual privacy. By leveraging zero-knowledge proofs, ZK-Team ensures the privacy of unique team member addresses and their related allowances in transactions. We hope our project can become a one-stop solution for managing teams and assets for organizations, while also serving as a reference for Ethereum developers using zero-knowledge proofs to protect the privacy of information stored in account abstraction.
PriFi Labs is a startup based in Toronto, Canada, dedicated to researching how to enhance the security and privacy of blockchain applications.
Rhinestone: Modular Account Abstraction
Account abstraction promises enhanced security and meaningful user experience improvements without compromising the ethos of Web3. At Rhinestone, we believe the future of account abstraction is modular, where modules are smart contracts that extend the functionality of smart accounts, providing a new platform for innovation in permissionless wallets.
However, opening smart accounts to third-party developers through modules increases the attack surface of user accounts. We are developing a standard for registering modules and declarations to make statements about the security of these modules. This registry serves as a trust delegation mechanism for smart accounts to query before installing third-party modules, increasing user security assurances.
AAA: Account Abstraction Afterhours
At AAA, it all started with a simple idea—raising awareness of AA and 4337. While we may no longer be personally coding, our passion for technology and commitment to widespread adoption of encryption technology remain steadfast. We firmly believe that account abstraction is key to driving widespread adoption.
From the initial developer meetups, we have evolved into a series of influential events held on three continents. These events provide a platform for knowledge sharing and community building, perfectly aligned with the goals funded by ERC-4337 AA.
Looking ahead, we are excited to expand our impact further. Educational videos and interactive tutorials are set to be released, empowering more people to engage with and understand encryption technology. We are honored to be part of this journey and are committed to making meaningful contributions to the field of encryption technology.
Unpacking 4337 —— A Series of Technical Articles
The authors of this series of articles have received funding to help understand the workings of EIP-4337 components. The goal is to reduce the time and effort required for developers and researchers to catch up with developments and start focusing on specific areas they are interested in contributing to.
The three main topics are:
- User Operation Lifecycle: The journey of user operations in the bundler and the different functions called in the entry points by the bundler for verification and ultimately submission to the chain.
- Understanding Different Gas Parameters: Multiple gas parameters specified at the bundler, memory pool, and user operation levels (as listed below). Explaining these parameters and their impact.
- Explaining Different calldata Parameters: Input transaction calldata, UserOp.calldata, Multi-send Txns calldata.
Hexlink: EIP-4972 - Linking ENS with ERC-4337 Accounts
Hexlink aims to provide an AA-compatible smart account for all ENS users, directly usable through EIP-4972. Through Hexlink, each ENS name can derive a unique AA-compatible smart account deployed only by the domain owner and immediately available to receive cryptocurrencies. Considering that most ENS names are currently controlled by EOA, we believe this dual account setup will help transition from EOA to smart accounts, transforming all existing ENS users into AA users, thereby promoting wider adoption of AA.
UniPass: OpenID Authentication Module
Account abstraction enables developers to customize verification logic and utilize various internet infrastructures for user authentication. Our UniPass team is introducing a novel user authentication solution that verifies the on-chain signature of an ID token using the OpenID Connect protocol—used for new user onboarding and recovery. This solution is used in conjunction with ERC-4337, providing one-click OAuth login and account creation convenience for new users using social logins such as Google and Apple. Additionally, it simplifies the recovery process in case of lost or compromised keys. The project aims to build a library to enable ERC-4337 wallet developers to easily integrate OpenID authentication into their products.
Clave: Promoting secp256r1 Curve Support for AA
While account abstraction solutions are emerging, providing a better user experience without compromising security remains a major challenge. The Clave team (formerly Opclave) is researching and developing tools using mobile device local software and hardware solutions as signers to elevate mobile device wallets to the security level of hardware wallets by maximizing user experience. The scope of this authorization includes:
- Sharing research results utilizing solutions such as Secure Enclave, WebAuthn, and Passkeys.
- Providing example code for using these solutions as transaction signers.
- Providing example code for handling these signed transactions in smart contracts.
- Providing example account contracts managed by these solutions through integrated Solidity validators and precompiled contracts to efficiently use these solutions in the EVM.
The Clave team includes developers and researchers who first introduced this concept at the "ETHGlobal Scaling Ethereum 2023" hackathon. The team is now focused on using the trusted execution environment of mobile devices as signers to provide account-driven accounts powered by account abstraction.
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