Vitalik Buterin announced that zero‑knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines have reached production‑quality performance and that PeerDAS data‑availability sampling is live on mainnet, combining to give Ethereum decentralized consensus and high bandwidth. He contrasted this with earlier peer‑to‑peer models such as Bittorrent’s bandwidth‑heavy, consensus‑free design and Bitcoin’s consensus‑only, low‑bandwidth replication.

Buterin explained that the remaining work focuses on safety, with full ZK‑ EVM deployment expected in 2026 and larger gas‑limit increases through 2027‑2030. He also outlined a roadmap toward distributed block building, aiming to minimize centralized control and improve geographic fairness, all subject to applicable regulatory environments.

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• What technologies did Buterin highlight? ZK‑EVMs (zero‑knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines) and PeerDAS (data‑availability sampling).
• When are ZK‑ EVM nodes expected to launch? Initial nodes are anticipated in 2026, with broader adoption through 2028‑2030.
• Where will these upgrades impact Ethereum? They affect the global Ethereum network, improving performance for users worldwide.
• Why is this development significant? It addresses the scalability trilemma, delivering high‑bandwidth, decentralized consensus in a live blockchain.

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