Author: Chloe, ChainCatcher
Ethereum officially completed a major upgrade named "Fusaka" this morning. This is the second hard fork following the Pectra upgrade in May of this year, symbolizing the Ethereum development team's determination to accelerate iterations and officially enter a rhythm of two upgrades per year. Meanwhile, the price of ETH has been climbing for several days, reaching a high of $3,240, up about 20% from recent lows, reflecting positive market sentiment.
The Fusaka upgrade (named from the combination of Fulu and Osaka) not only encompasses comprehensive optimizations of the consensus layer and execution layer but also introduces up to 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), focusing on enhancing network throughput, optimizing transaction speed, and correcting the economic model to strengthen ETH's deflationary mechanism.
The core highlight of this upgrade is undoubtedly the "PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling)" technology, which is seen as a key step in Ethereum's scalability path, expected to reduce transaction delays from minutes to milliseconds, providing a more immediate user experience for decentralized applications and payment systems.
Core Developers Witness the Live Stream, Demonstrating Ethereum's Commitment to Enhancing Mainnet Speed and Performance
The Fusaka upgrade process went smoothly, achieving final confirmation within about 15 minutes after being triggered at 21:49 last night. According to Coindesk, several core developers witnessed this moment together in a live stream on EthStaker. Consensys engineer Gabriel Trintinalia stated, "Fusaka clearly demonstrates Ethereum's commitment to enhancing mainnet speed and performance. During the early development phase of the Fusaka upgrade, any features that could potentially cause fork delays, such as those requiring more research or being overly complex, were deprioritized and removed from the development scope."
According to the Ethereum Foundation's narrative, the team optimistically predicts that this upgrade will lay the foundation for "instant-feel user experiences," and this technology will unlock up to 8 times the data throughput, allowing L2 scaling solutions like Optimism and Arbitrum to submit more data at a lower cost, thereby reducing transaction fees for end users while reserving significant growth potential for the network.
PeerDAS Introduces the Concept of "Sampling," Unlocking Up to 8 Times the Data Throughput
According to previous reports, PeerDAS was originally planned to be included in Ethereum's major upgrade Pectra in February this year but was postponed due to testing requirements.
PeerDAS, short for Peer Data Availability Sampling, is a data processing mechanism designed to address the bottleneck in Ethereum's mainnet when processing L2 submission data.
In simple terms, since the introduction of "Blob" (a temporary data storage space designed specifically for L2) in the 2024 Dencun upgrade, validators have had to fully download and verify the entire content of each Blob, leading to heavy network bandwidth burdens, limited processing performance, and indirectly raising transaction fees.
According to Coin Metrics, since the introduction of Blob, it has seen significant adoption thanks to rollups like Base and Arbitrum. However, this has also led to Blob usage rates often approaching saturation (currently close to the target of 6 Blobs per block), which could potentially trigger exponential increases in rollup fees. As the demand for data availability continues to grow, Blob space has become a key bottleneck in Ethereum's scalability path.
The innovation of PeerDAS lies in the introduction of the "sampling" concept, meaning that validators do not need to download the entire Blob but only check randomly selected "data slices" (small segments). Through this peer-to-peer network sharing and verification method, the system can ensure data availability and security without compromise while significantly reducing computational and storage requirements.
According to official estimates, in addition to unlocking up to 8 times the data throughput allowing L2 networks to submit more data at a lower cost, this upgrade is expected to lower the operational threshold for small or new validator operators by reducing the resources required to run a few validators. However, Ethereum developers also pointed out that large institutions operating many nodes, such as staking pools, will not see the same level of savings. Although the savings for large institutional validators are smaller, overall, this will make Ethereum more inclusive, attracting more participants to the ecosystem.
"These improvements will take months to fully realize, as we will only gradually increase the number of Blobs to ensure the network can safely handle the increased throughput," said Marius Van Der Wijden, a core developer at the Ethereum Foundation.
The Reserve Price Mechanism Links Blob Fees to L2 Execution Costs
In addition to PeerDAS, the Fusaka upgrade also made precise adjustments to the economic layer, particularly addressing the sluggish market for Blob fees. Since the Dencun upgrade, due to oversupply, Blob fees have often fallen to ineffective levels of 1 wei, causing the ETH burn mechanism to be nearly ineffective in this area. According to Blockworks statistics, in the months following the Pectra upgrade, fees generated by Blob were only about $900, and even the brief peak in November was only $23,000, contributing little to ETH's deflationary pressure.
To address this, EIP-7918 introduced the "Reserve Price" mechanism, linking Blob fees to L2 execution costs to prevent price crashes and ensure alignment with actual processing costs. This not only stabilizes market fluctuations but also allows Blob fees to contribute more effectively to ETH burn as L2 transaction volumes grow. Coupled with the "Blob-only Parameter Hard Fork" (BPO) feature of EIP-7892, Ethereum will increase the target number of Blobs per block to 14 (with a maximum limit of 21) before January 7, 2026, further amplifying capacity.
Other EIPs cover protocol cleanup and performance enhancements, such as:
EIP-7935: Increases the preset block gas limit to 60 million, allowing for more computational capacity and providing flexibility for future adjustments.
EIP-7951: Adds native support for secp256r1 (P-256) signatures, enabling wallets to integrate biometric identification for improved user login convenience.
EIP-7825 and EIP-7934: Set limits on transaction and block sizes to prevent resource-intensive attacks like DoS.
EIP-7883: Increases gas costs for specific mathematical operations to ensure fair distribution of network resources.
EIP-7642: Removes outdated message fields, simplifying the protocol and cleaning up the code.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin stated on the X platform post that Ethereum has continuously introduced "hard fixed rules" in recent years to enhance protocol security and long-term adaptability. He recalled that in 2021, EIP-2929 and EIP-3529 adjusted storage costs and reduced gas refunds; in 2024, the Dencun upgrade weakened contract destruction instructions; and in 2025, a gas limit of 16,777,216 was set for a single transaction.
Vitalik emphasized that such changes set clear processing limits, helping to prevent DoS attacks, simplify clients, and expand efficiency space; more restrictions are expected in the future, including limits on the total bytes of accessible program code (short-term increases in costs for large contracts, mid-term adoption of binary trees and billing by data blocks), setting maximum computation cycles and synchronization cost adjustments for zero-knowledge EVMs, and optimizing memory billing to clarify the maximum consumption of EVM.
The success of Fusaka not only addresses current pain points but also establishes a rapid development rhythm for Ethereum. The large upgrades that used to occur once a year (such as the 2023 Shapella and 2024 Dencun) have now shifted to twice a year, proving that the foundation still possesses strong execution capabilities despite personnel changes.
The major upgrade "Glamsterdam" (Gloas + Amsterdam) expected next year is anticipated to focus on block-level access lists (BAL) and other parallel processing technologies to further enhance performance.
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