The concept of the "native HTTP value layer" as indicated by x402 has provided a profound exploration direction for empowering Web2 with Web3.

Author: Lacie, Bitget Wallet Researcher

I. Introduction: The "Payment Gap" Between Web2 and Web3

The current digital ecosystem is being torn apart by the inherent opposition between Web2 and Web3. On one hand, the convenient payments of Web2 (such as Apple Pay and WeChat Pay) are firmly locked within the "walled gardens" of centralized platforms and regional boundaries; on the other hand, while Web3 promises a globally open and permissionless financial future, its severe price volatility and complex user experience have turned it into a "technological island" that mainstream users find daunting.

The gap between "convenience" and "openness" has long burdened Web3 with labels of "difficult to implement" and "speculative hype." Against this backdrop, an open protocol named x402 has entered the public eye. Its proposed solution is quite innovative: rather than starting from scratch, it attempts to activate an internet underlying standard that has been dormant for 26 years—HTTP 402 (Payment Required).

Image: Introduction image from the x402 official website

Source: x402 official website (https://www.x402.org/)

Can this "reactivation" of the internet's underlying protocol standard become the key to bridging the aforementioned gap? Does it herald the birth of a native, open Web payment layer that will fundamentally reshape the flow of value on the internet? Bitget Wallet will take you through a deep analysis of this in the following sections.

II. Late Bloom: What is x402, and Why is it Only Now Gaining Attention?

x402 is an open protocol led by Coinbase and open-sourced in May 2025. Its core goal is to activate the long-unused HTTP 402 status code, transforming it into a native, permissionless payment mechanism for the internet, ultimately establishing a channel between Web2 applications and the Web3 value network.

However, an interesting phenomenon is that the x402 protocol went live in May but only surged in popularity after five months of silence. In fact, the 402 status code itself is not a "new invention" in the crypto world; it is a reserved code from the HTTP protocol of the 1990s.

So, why has an "old standard" and a "not-so-new" protocol only recently sparked market discussions? The table below outlines the key timeline from the birth of x402 to its surge in popularity, helping us understand the facts behind this "delayed explosion."

Table: Timeline of x402's Birth and Application (as of October 28, 2025)

Source: Bitget Wallet compiled from public data (with trading data from x402scan)

As shown in the timeline above, the evolution of x402 reveals several key facts:

First, x402 is a modern application based on the 1999 HTTP 402 status code, which has been "sealed" for a long time due to a lack of application scenarios.

Second, the x402 protocol was initiated by Coinbase and quickly gained support and integration from Web2 giants like Google, Cloudflare, and Visa within a few months.

Third, although the protocol has been released for several months, what truly made it "go viral" was the recent surge of Meme coins that capitalized on the x402 concept.

In short, the current popularity of x402 is the result of a combination of a technological vision (AI Agent payments) and speculative enthusiasm (driven by Memes). But aside from the market noise, we should focus on its technical core—how does it actually work?

III. Unlocking and Internalizing: How Does x402 Activate the Dormant HTTP 402?

To understand x402, we must look back to the 1990s. The internet transmitted information between clients and servers through the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol). HTTP defines a series of response status codes (HTTP Response Status Codes) to represent specific functions, such as the well-known "404 Not Found" or "200 OK" (request successful).

Table: Summary of HTTP Status Codes

Source: Compiled by Bitget Wallet

In this vast code system, the 402 (Payment Required) status code is particularly special. It was originally designed to envision a protocol-native micropayment method, aiming for "seamless integration like loading an image"—without intermediaries and delays. However, as the internet economy shifted towards advertising, platforms, and complex credit card forms, the concept behind the 402 status code was shelved, and the standard has never been scaled for use.

The emergence of x402 is precisely to "unseal" the value of the 402 status code. Its workflow is logically quite ingenious:

When a user requests a paid resource, the server no longer returns a "redirect" instruction (leading to a subscription page) but directly returns a 402 status code. This response contains all the key information needed to complete the payment: the receiving address, payment amount, supported blockchain networks (such as Base, Polygon, etc.), and currency type (such as USDC).

Clients supporting x402 (such as browser plugins or Web3 wallets) will automatically "translate" this 402 request into a payment prompt upon capturing it, requiring the user to simply click to confirm. The wallet then completes the stablecoin payment through an efficient L2 network and notifies the server after the transaction is confirmed. The server verifies the receipt and immediately unlocks the content for the user.

Image: x402 Workflow Diagram

Source: Compiled by Bitget Wallet

The entire process internalizes payment as part of the HTTP protocol, making it a native interaction of the browser, akin to loading an image or accessing a non-existent page. It essentially embeds a native "value settlement" function into the most fundamental communication layer of the internet, enriching the underlying internet transmission protocol that has been in use for over 20 years at the application level.

IV. Timing is Right: Why Now?

A reasonable question is: The HTTP 402 standard has existed for 26 years; why has it only now found a real opportunity for implementation through x402? The answer lies in the simultaneous presence of the three essential elements: supply, demand, and catalysts.

First is the explosion of demand. The "machine economy," represented by AI Agents, is rapidly rising. AI needs to autonomously and frequently call upon services and data from other AIs or APIs. This machine-to-machine (M2M) automation and cross-platform micropayment cannot be supported by traditional credit card systems. x402 embeds payments into HTTP requests, perfectly meeting the "fine-grained" payment demand based on API call billing.

Second is the maturity of supply-side technology. The infrastructure of the Web3 world has significantly evolved. The "digital cash track" that was missing when the 402 standard was conceived has now been filled by Layer 2 solutions, high-performance public chains, and widely circulated stablecoins. The second-level confirmations and extremely low costs they provide make native internet micropayments economically feasible.

Finally, strong advocates serve as key catalysts. Coinbase has open-sourced the protocol specifications, while Google and Visa have endorsed it, and infrastructure giants like Cloudflare have jointly initiated the x402 Foundation. These forces are collectively committed to promoting x402 as a new type of "open internet standard," greatly lowering integration barriers and accelerating ecosystem formation.

It is precisely during this window of intersection between technology (supply) and demand (AI), coupled with the push from industry giants (catalysts), that x402 has seized the opportunity of infrastructure readiness, transforming from a dormant concept into a practical application.

V. Singularity and Reefs: The Imagination Space and Triple Challenges of x402

As described in the x402 white paper (as shown in the image below): the most direct application of the x402 protocol is to open the door to the "machine economy" for AI Agents. In the future, AI agents will undoubtedly become major participants in the internet. The x402 native, programmable payment protocol naturally aligns with the economic needs of M2M (machine-to-machine). It allows one AI agent to autonomously call another AI's API service and automatically pay a fee of 0.0x dollars through x402, without human intervention for preloading, significantly reducing friction costs between services.

Image: Comparison of Existing Agent Payment Processes and x402 Pay-Per-Use Model

Source: x402 White Paper

Its more profound significance lies in that x402 allows a single HTTP request to simultaneously possess the dual attributes of "data transmission" and "value transmission." This integrates the dimension of "value" into the information protocol that was established at the dawn of the internet, potentially revolutionizing the traditional WEB system that has been in use for over 20 years at the application level.

At the same time, this may also address a long-standing pain point of Web3: how can the crypto world empower the physical world and change it? For a long time, the crypto world has been criticized for lacking truly mainstream applications, and x402 may very well become such a singularity—it does not start from scratch but attempts to "inject" the value settlement capabilities of Web3 into the vast ecosystem of Web2, becoming a true bridge connecting the two worlds—this is also the fundamental logic behind the protocol being pursued and discussed by countless people.

However, behind this optimistic vision, the challenges faced by x402 cannot be ignored.

First, there are concerns from within the HTTP protocol itself. HTTP 402 is still an "unstandardized" reserved code. As indicated by MDN Web Docs (developer documentation library), it is defined as "reserved but not defined." This means it has not been fully accepted by mainstream web standards, leading to compatibility issues with the underlying protocol. Therefore, the current implementation of x402 largely relies on custom HTTP headers like X-PAYMENT, rather than the true standard 402 status code, casting a shadow over its long-term standardization.

Image: Compatibility issues with the HTTP 402 status code pointed out by the developer documentation library

Source: MDN Web Docs

Secondly, the subsequent attitudes of traditional internet giants remain to be seen. Although giants like Google have announced their acceptance of this protocol within the AI framework, the "bypassing platforms, peer-to-peer payment" concept advocated by x402 essentially stands in opposition to the internet giants that currently profit from "walled gardens" and payment commission models. The combination of x402 and AI Agents feels more like a "declaration of war" against the traditional internet ecosystem—whether the giants' attitude is one of genuine acceptance or temporary exploitation remains to be seen.

Finally, and most alarmingly, is the backlash from speculative bubbles. Since the x402 protocol itself has not issued any tokens, all tokens associated with it in the market (such as PING) are experimental meme projects. While the meme frenzy has objectively boosted the popularity of x402, it raises a deep concern: will this movement once again fall into the false prosperity of "speculative narratives," thereby undermining the true technological ideals when the bubble bursts? This is a dilemma that the crypto world has always struggled to escape. (The image below shows the ecological landscape of x402)

Image: Overview of the x402 ecosystem

Source: X @henloitsjoyce

VI. Conclusion: Amidst the Clamor, What is the Value?

x402 provides an extremely pragmatic solution for AI Agent payments—it does not require users to abandon the existing internet but attempts to complete the critical upgrade of "payment" at the most fundamental protocol level. Looking back at the entire development process of x402, it is quite ironic that what truly made x402 "go viral" was not its ingenious technical concept, but rather the speculative frenzy of meme coins in late October. This suggests that many of the current analyses of x402's disruptive potential are "seeing the bubble first, then retroactively finding meaning."

The current x402 craze is more driven by speculative narratives than by technological breakthroughs. This raises a core question: is x402 a milestone in the integration of Web3 and Web2, a true singularity pushing the internet into a "value layer"? Or is it merely a lifeline that the crypto market has accidentally grasped while searching for the next "hundredfold narrative"?

The answer still requires time to verify. However, regardless, the concept of the 'native HTTP value layer' indicated by x402 has provided a profound exploration direction for empowering Web2 with Web3. This contemplation of future forms holds far more value than the transient market clamor.

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