Authors: Crush, Anci, Biteye

Compared to the other noisy narratives in the web3 world, the ZK track has long represented a long and boring but extraordinary infrastructure construction.

Like a difficult practice, people inside are struggling, and people outside are confused.

However, it is gratifying that in the past two years, the development speed of ZK has far exceeded expectations, and the ZK Rollup giants ZkSync and Starknet have made huge progress in performance and fees.

After the Ethereum EIP-4844 upgrade, ZK Rollup has gradually strengthened its position in the competition with OP Rollup.

Even more exciting is the collaboration between former competitors StarkWare and Polygon Labs, which upgraded the STARK protocol that represents the cutting-edge strength of ZK, officially launching Circle STARK, bringing another leap forward for ZK proof capabilities.

If you have read last year's article (L2 Summer is Coming? Master the StarkNet Technology Principles and Ecosystem in One Article), and want to delve deeper into the wonderful ZK proof process behind Starknet, but are hindered by various daunting mathematical formulas and intricate technical factions, then follow this article to understand some key issues about ZK.

We will try to avoid the annoying mathematical parts and discuss the technical advantages of Starknet, especially the recent major breakthroughs based on this.

01 Starting with ZK

ZK is a label and an abbreviation for Zero Knowledge Proof Systems.

As a current mainstream, ZK proof is like a mysterious legend—proving a fact without revealing any additional information.

How can such an idealized goal be achieved? Here, we can use a familiar scenario for students.

Usually, a student wants to prove their academic excellence, and the simplest way is to present their report card. Ensuring the effectiveness and fairness of the examination system, a report card with weighted grades reaching an A often serves as an endorsement of the student's academic level without revealing any specific academic content.

The ZK proof process is similar. In simple terms, it has two core components: the Prover and the Verifier.

The Prover is like the school's examination system, with a set process to generate a report card for the student, serving as proof of the student's academic ability, and presenting it to the Verifier, who could be a parent or a company, to verify the student's level of ability based on the report card.

Here, we can see that the most difficult part of the entire proof process is the Prover's generation of the proof. In a specific ZK proof, it can be divided into two parts—arithmeticization and polynomial commitment.

1.1 Arithmeticization

• Arithmeticization is the process of transforming complex proof problems into algebraic problems, specifically transforming the evidence we want to prove (Witness) into a set of polynomial constraints. This is similar to how we transform a student's academic ability into a set of graded scores through an exam.

• Witness: The evidence, usually referred to as off-chain calculations' raw data, including transaction data, account status data, intermediate calculation results, etc., is used to prove the validity of transactions without disclosing private data.

• Polynomial Constraints: In the ZK proof process, the goal is to transform complex problems into mathematical problems. The most crucial part of mathematical proof is to find a polynomial and ultimately prove that it has been found. Polynomial constraints refer to the conditions that this polynomial needs to satisfy.

1.2 Polynomial Commitment

Polynomial commitment is the process in a specific mathematical proof to prove that a polynomial has been found, satisfying all the constraints generated in the previous arithmeticization step.

If the polynomial proof is valid, then the mathematical proof is successful, representing the fact we want to prove. This process is similar to finally obtaining a weighted average score or a report card that can guarantee all A's, thereby proving the student's excellent academic ability.

However, you may question that in real life, a report card often cannot accurately express a person's academic ability because there are still too many loopholes and uncontrollable factors in our human examination system.

In the world of ZK, with the help of clear-cut mathematics and transparent public programs, this wish is being realized (just as smart contracts and blockchain ensure fairness and transparency).

02 SNARK vs STARK

SNARK and STARK are currently the two most commonly used ZK proof protocols, and they are also the underlying protocols used by ZkSync and Starknet.

Due to their similar names, they are often compared in the race. However, before making a comparison, let's introduce two figures to better understand the ZK proof systems built by these two protocols from a historical perspective.

2.1 Groth and SNARK

Jens Groth is a professor at the UCL Department of Computer Science (now an honorary professor, currently serving as the chief scientist of Nexus, in the direction of zkVM).

Starting in 2009, he has been prolific, publishing multiple papers related to zero knowledge every year. In the ZK field, we often hear about Groth09, Groth10, and so on, which are composed of his name and the year of publication.

(Note: Usually, due to the long and cumbersome names of papers, the academic community uses the name + year format to abbreviate important papers. Common abbreviations include BBHR18, which laid the foundation for STARK, and PGHR13, used by Zcash, which are combinations of the initials of several authors, followed by the year. It is rare for a single full name like Groth's to be used continuously over the years.)

Two of the most famous are:

• [Groth10] "Short Pairing-based Non-interactive Zero-Knowledge Arguments," which proposed a complete non-interactive proof scheme and is considered the theoretical pioneer of SNARK.

• [Groth16] "On the Size of Pairing-based Non-interactive Arguments," which streamlined proof size based on Groth10, improving verification efficiency, and is still widely used.

It is on the basis of Groth's research that SNARK has been developed and improved.

SNARK, which stands for Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge, is a concise zero knowledge proof system with extremely high usability, enabling ZK to be rapidly applied in the field of cryptocurrency.

2.2 Eli Ben-Sasson and STARK

It is worth mentioning that the co-founder of the first protocol to apply SNARK to cryptocurrency, Zerocash, is Eli Ben-Sasson—later a co-founder of StarkWare and one of the inventors of STARK.

Moreover, in the early years, Eli Ben-Sasson actively promoted the practical application of the SNARK protocol and published papers in 2013 and 2014, proposing and optimizing the construction of SNARK, improving its practicality and efficiency, and helping SNARK gain widespread attention and application.

However, perhaps due to a deep understanding of the challenges faced by SNARK, in 2018, Eli Ben-Sasson and others published [BBHR18] "Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity," formally proposing the STARKs proof system, which also provides a more comprehensive solution for ZK Rollup.

STARK—Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge, has advantages in large-scale proofs and the entire proof process is transparent, without relying on a trusted third party, and it has security against quantum attacks.

(Note: It needs to be stated that although the stories of heroic epics are always popular, no achievement is achieved by a single person's efforts. On the contrary, whether SNARK or STARK, they are the result of the joint efforts of numerous scientists. Singling out individual figures is just to make this key development history of ZK more vivid from one aspect. Even a genius like Groth, his papers are based on the research results of KZG and others (Aniket Kate, Gregory Zaverucha, Ian Goldberg), and the authors who proposed STARK are all highly skilled, and we can continue to delve into them in the future.)

2.3 SNARK vs STARK

So, what was the reason for Eli Ben-Sasson's determination to start afresh? What challenges did SNARK face?

2.3.1 Transparency

Before answering the above question, we may need to answer another question: in the field of encryption, what is the most valuable?

The answer given by Satoshi Nakamoto is—trust.

SNARK happens to hit this minefield. When SNARK makes polynomial commitments, it uses the KZG method, and KZG commitments require a trusted setup to generate a common reference string (CRS), which is then used to generate keys for the proof and verification process.

Returning to our report card example, the reason why a parent or company can judge a student's academic level based on an A average grade is because we collectively recognize the ranking of academic abilities from high to low as A, B, C, D. Only under this standard does an A grade have meaning.

But what if the school's grading system is compromised, and the ranking of academic abilities becomes C, A, B, D? Students who originally received a C grade would be considered top students and given priority. This leads to misjudgment.

From this, we can see that the security of this collectively recognized standard is crucial. In the world of encryption, which follows the law of the jungle, this Trusted Setup becomes a huge risk.

Knowing this, why does SNARK still insist on using the KZG method? This is because the final proof size obtained using KZG is too small. Do you remember what "S" stands for in SNARK? Succinct!

The temptation of a small proof size is too great, especially before the Ethereum Cancun upgrade, the streamlined proof size brought better practicality and efficiency to SNARK, and was accepted by more projects for a long time. So, trade-offs are everywhere.

On the other hand, to tackle the Non-Trusted issue, STARK uses the FRI (Fast Reed-Solomon Interactive Oracle Proofs) method for polynomial commitments.

Specifically, the FRI method encodes the polynomial using Reed Solomon encoding, stores it in the form of a Merkle tree, and completes multiple rounds of interaction between the verifier and prover through an Oracle, thereby achieving verifiability and transparency (transparent, the "T" in STARK).

(Note: It is important to note that the Oracle here is not the centralized or semi-centralized oracle commonly seen in the web3 world, but a decentralized virtual entity simulated by the verifier and prover according to the protocol rules, it is an interactive proof mechanism.)

If we were to compare this to the report card example, we can see the polynomial commitment process in the STARK system as a grading system built on the blockchain, ensuring the fairness and transparency of the entire system through blockchain technology.

In addition, in the STARK proof, the verifier and prover can also simulate the interaction process using a common random beacon, and finally package it into a complete proof, achieving non-interactive proof, and obtaining better usability and asynchrony.

2.3.2 Scalability

STARK's progress is also evident in its universality and flexibility in handling large-scale complex computation problems, and its average proof size decreases as the proof scale increases, forming a network effect, which is what "S" represents in Scalable.

Unlike SNARK, which uses R1CS as a representative circuit computation method for arithmeticization and requires redesigning circuits for different problems, STARK uses the AIR (Algebraic Intermediate Representation) method, which is a universal machine computation method that links different states through state transition equations, and can abstract almost any computational problem into a set of polynomial constraints.

At the same time, because STARK uses the FRI method to generate polynomial proofs, it gradually reduces the degree of the polynomial using a recursive structure, resulting in proof size growth that is far slower than the growth of the problem scale (logarithmic level). Therefore, it has significant advantages in handling large-scale computations.

Returning to the example of grades and exams, if we were to compare the arithmeticization process to an exam, then SNARK and STARK would be like traditional paper exams and computer-based exams, respectively.

In the short term or for a small school, traditional paper exams are cheaper and faster, while computer-based exams require preparation in software and hardware, which seems expensive and troublesome.

However, for a globally scaled examination institution, a computer can conduct exams of different types and levels, and the richness and randomness of the question bank no longer require teachers to create questions for each exam, saving a lot of manpower.

In the long run, as the number of exam takers accumulates, the investment costs in software and hardware will be significantly diluted.

2.3.3 Quantum Resistance

In addition to the achievements of "S" and "T," STARK also achieves resistance to quantum attacks by using post-quantum secure hash functions (such as Rescue hash, generally considered to be post-quantum secure, while traditional SHA-256 hash functions are considered to be potentially vulnerable in quantum computing) and security algebraic problems (some complex algebraic problems that the prover needs to prove, which are currently considered difficult to solve on quantum computers).

03 Circle STARK Goes Beyond

At this point, it is easy to see that SNARK is an indispensable short-term, rapid, and feasible solution.

However, as time goes on, with the increase in transaction volume, the explosion of computational complexity, and people's increasingly clear awareness that trust is actually the most expensive luxury in the field of encryption, the superiority of STARK will become more and more prominent.

This is gradually becoming evident in the industry. The leading application ZkSync, which uses SNARKs, has begun to explore a gradual transition from SNARK to STARK with the release of the Boojum version.

And Polygon, known for its versatility, has also turned to STARK early on. The upgraded proof system Plonky3 this year is based on the latest joint research by Polygon Labs and StarkWare, called Circle STARK.

Circle STARK is a new generation ZK proof protocol based on the updated STARK, which cleverly introduces circular curves (Circle Curve) and successfully applies the small prime field M31 to the proof system, significantly improving proof efficiency.

In the ZK proof system, the prime field plays a crucial role. It is through operations on the prime field that the proof is achieved.

The choice of prime field represents a balance between efficiency and security. The smaller the prime field, the smaller the amount of computation required and the higher the efficiency.

On the other hand, a larger prime field usually represents a higher level of security, which is why STARK and SNARK have traditionally used large prime fields.

And the innovation of Circle STARK is demonstrated by the special combination of circular curves and the use of the small prime field M31, which not only improves proof efficiency but also successfully ensures post-quantum security.

StarkWare has currently launched and open-sourced the new generation prover Stwo based on Circle STARK, and it is expected that the proof efficiency of Stwo will be 100 times that of the first-generation prover Stone.

Stwo will be fully compatible with the advanced Cario, and the current Starknet Prover (SHARP Prover) based on the Stone prover will also use Stwo in the future. At that time, developers and users in the Starknet ecosystem will directly benefit from the performance improvement brought by Stwo without any additional operations.

In addition to improving proof speed, Brendan Farmer, co-founder of Polygon, also mentioned that the application of Circle STARK will ultimately significantly reduce costs and expand to more application proofs.

Eli Ben-Sasson is optimistic and sees the launch of Circle STARK as an important milestone. The most efficient proof system will be available in the near future, and more breakthroughs and improvements will continue.

04 Starknet Continues to Strengthen, Improving Performance

From the above analysis, it is clear to see that the STARK proof system and its latest upgraded version, Circle STARK, are well-deserved cutting-edge forces and stars of the future. As the beloved child of StarkWare, Starknet has an immeasurable future on the road of ZK Rollup.

However, perhaps good things come after hardships, Starknet has been controversial for a long time. The reasons are none other than user experience and costs.

Fortunately, through the continuous efforts of StarkWare, these issues are gradually becoming history. Below, we will review some recent important upgrade achievements of Starknet and the further actions planned according to the roadmap.

4.1 V0.12

Starknet Alpha v0.12.0, codenamed Quantum Leap, was launched on the mainnet in July 2023. The focus of this optimization was to improve network performance and enhance user experience.

Through the optimization of the Rustification of the sorter and the upgrade of the Cario language, the block execution time of Starknet was significantly reduced, and the throughput soared from 30,000 CSPS (Cairo steps per second) in version v0.11.0 to 220,000 CSPS, greatly improving performance.

The long-standing issue of interactive experience has also been resolved, and the average 20-minute pending state due to waiting for mainnet confirmation will become history.

After the completion of Layer 2 confirmation on the user end, even if the transaction is successful, the transaction time has been shortened to about 10 seconds, greatly improving the user experience.

This milestone upgrade helped Starknet's TVL successfully exceed $100 million, with a weekly growth rate of over 43%.

4.2 V0.13

The v0.13.0 version, launched in January 2024, increased the block size, significantly reducing computational costs by 50% and data availability costs by 25%.

V0.13.1 deployed support for Ethereum EIP-4844 in advance, so Starknet enabled the blob feature within a few hours after the Cancun upgrade, becoming the first L2 to significantly reduce user fees.

In the coming months, according to the roadmap, V0.13.2 will support transaction parallelization, allowing for the simultaneous processing of more transactions, increasing network throughput and reducing latency.

V0.13.3 will integrate Cairo Native into the Starknet sorter, further improving the sorter's performance. At that time, network speed will be further accelerated.

4.3 V0.14 and Subsequent Upgrade Plans

According to the roadmap, the highly anticipated Volition is expected to be launched in the V.0.14.0 upgrade.

Currently, data availability storage (DA) on Ethereum consumes the majority of gas fees on the Starknet network, so reducing DA storage on Ethereum is key to reducing costs.

Volition will allow developers to choose to store some data on Starknet L2 and ultimately submit the state root of this data to Ethereum L1. In this way, the cost of DA storage on L1 will be greatly reduced, further reducing costs.

V.0.14.0 also plans to adopt applicative recursion to batch process the L1 footprint of multiple blocks on Ethereum, thereby reducing cost.

Currently, each block on Starknet has a dedicated proof, and each block requires a fixed operating cost on Ethereum, so the network often needs to accumulate enough transaction volume to share the block cost before packaging a block.

This leads to uncertain block times and inefficient block cost utilization. With applicative recursion, validators can batch proof several blocks together, reducing block time and sharing cost.

In addition, Starknet will also explore more DA compression solutions to reduce costs.

05 Ecosystem Development

5.1 Current Situation

With the steady improvement in performance and the continuous reduction in costs, the ecosystem on Starknet has now become relatively complete.

In terms of infrastructure, wallet projects such as Agent X and Braavos, as self-hosted smart wallets, not only ensure security but also adapt to the native account abstraction of Starknet, providing users with a good interactive experience as an entry point to the web3 world.

In the cross-chain bridge aspect, there are both the native StarkGate and projects focused on cross-chain bridges such as Orbiter Finance, MiniBridge, and rhino.fi.

The leading DID project Starknet.id has taken on the role of ENS on Ethereum, supporting users to mint NFTs as identities and passes on the Starknet chain.

In the traditional DeFi sector, Starknet has also seen the growth of leading projects such as Nostra, Ekubo, zkLend, ZKX, and Carmine Options, rapidly occupying key areas of DEX, staking, lending, and contract businesses, while each DeFi project is also striving to innovate in their products.

For example, ZKX uses gamified interaction and DAO governance to create a unique autonomous perpetual contract exchange; Ekubo introduces a singleton design to manage all liquidity pools with a single contract, helping users reduce trading friction costs; mySwap's one-click rebalancing feature effectively reduces impermanent loss in times of market volatility, injecting more vitality into the ecosystem.

Gamefi is a sector that Starknet has high hopes for, with leading projects such as the Loot ecosystem and strategic all-chain games represented by Realms, as well as street-style Dope Wars, strategic game Influence set in interstellar exploration, and Topology, a physics-based all-chain game developed by the native Starknet team, making them the four kings of all-chain games on Starknet.

In addition, Socialfi has seen the emergence of xfam.tech, similar to the previously popular friend.tech, filling the gap in the social field.

Since the airdrop of $STRK earlier this year, the activity on Starknet has significantly increased. Moreover, projects within the ecosystem, such as zkLend, Ekubo, and ZKX, have successively released native tokens $ZEND, $EKUBO, and $ZKX; the ecosystem leader Nostra Finance has also released the first native USD stablecoin $UNO on Starknet, as well as $NSTSTRK obtained by staking $STRK.

5.2 Challenges and Choices

As we mentioned earlier, STARK was born for secure large-scale complex proofs from the beginning, and Starknet inherits this trait.

To achieve this grand and pure goal, many efforts are inevitable, and the Cairo language is one of them.

(Note: The Cairo language is a programming language designed by StarkWare specifically for the STARK proof system, which efficiently generates proofs, optimizes off-chain computations, and effectively addresses the limitations of Solidity in proof execution.)

Unlike other Layer 2 platforms that use Solidity for smart contract development, developers on Starknet must use the native Cairo language for development, which directly increases the learning curve and entry barriers for developers.

On the other hand, due to the incompatibility of the Cairo VM with the EVM, many mature projects on Ethereum cannot be directly migrated to Starknet. This has resulted in Starknet, although being an Ethereum Layer 2, having difficulty enjoying the benefits of a large ecosystem.

Currently, over 90% of dApps on Starknet are native to the chain, and the project development costs are considerable.

In the face of this dilemma, Starknet's choice can be found in Eli Ben-Sasson's article "To Hold or to Persist" at the beginning of the year.

The article quotes the fable of "riding a tiger is hard to get off," indicating that sacrificing security to pursue short-term impressive performance is like sitting on a galloping tiger with endless troubles.

As true believers in holding onto technology, they will never package second-rate technology as first-rate.

What Starknet wants to do is real proof that can withstand massive data and the dark forest. Holding onto the proof is holding onto security.

To hold onto this, Starknet has rich developer incentive measures. In addition to community activities such as hackathons, it recently launched the Seed Grand Program, offering selected teams up to $25,000 USDC in non-dilutive funding to support their ecosystem development on Starknet.

Specifically for the gaming sector, the Foundation's Propulsion Pilot Program will select up to 20 games and provide funding rewards based on their gas consumption on the Starknet mainnet, with each game eligible for up to $1 million in rewards.

In addition, Nethermind, the Ethereum client development team that has entered into a deep strategic partnership with Starknet, has also announced the Starknet Grand Program, offering a total of $1 million in funding, with individual projects eligible for up to $250,000 in funding and technical support from the Nethermind team.

Starknet is also making efforts to break down the barriers between it and Ethereum from two perspectives. On one hand, the Warp project developed by Nethermind aims to convert Solidity code into Cairo code, achieving compatibility at the high-level language level.

On the other hand, the Kakarot zkEVM solution developed by members of the StarkWare team aims to create a provable EVM environment using Cairo to simulate the EVM. The project is still under development.

5.3 Future

With the efforts of StarkWare, the Cairo developer community is growing continuously. As the developer community thrives, the ecosystem will incubate more excellent products and tools, further attracting more outstanding developers to join the Cairo community, forming a positive cycle.

In addition to expecting the emergence of excellent products in traditional areas such as DeFi, combined with the gradually realized performance improvements and computational integrity advantages of Starknet, some potential trend sectors are gradually emerging on Starknet.

5.3.1 Fully On-Chain Games

The concept of Fully On-Chain Games (FOCG), also known as Infinite Games, was popular when blockchain emerged and was eagerly anticipated by gamers.

It stores the rules and data of the game completely on the chain and executes all operations and interactions based on smart contracts, allowing players to truly own game assets, ensuring transparent and verifiable rules, and providing an open economic system to create a more free and fair gaming experience for players.

However, due to early limitations in throughput, costs, and interaction modes, fully on-chain games remained a vision for a long time and did not achieve mass adoption.

However, with the continuous optimization of Starknet in all aspects, we can see that Starknet has great potential to become a fertile ground for incubating fully on-chain games from the following perspectives.

5.3.1.1 Native Account Abstraction

Account Abstraction (AA) is a key step in improving interaction experience and helping web2 users enter web3.

In the gaming context, the role of account abstraction will be more pronounced. For example, the session key feature initiated by several leading on-chain game teams on Starknet, such as Briq, Loot Realms, and Topology, is now used in Loot Survivor, which uses a session wallet for user login, eliminating the need for users to sign every "attack" operation, greatly optimizing the experience.

5.3.1.2 Gradual Improvement of the Cairo Ecosystem

With the continuous optimization and performance improvement of Starknet, a large gaming community has joined in building the Cairo ecosystem. With the launch of a series of infrastructure, the gaming framework in the ecosystem has basically taken shape.

Dojo is an on-chain game engine based on Cairo, created in February 2023 and currently operated and maintained by the community.

The game engine is the foundation for building games, providing game developers with a development framework consisting of contracts, tools, and code libraries, making it easier for them to build the basic systems of games from scratch, making it easier to build on-chain games.

5.3.1.3 Layer 3

Starknet, as a general-purpose Layer 2 using Zk Rollup, has not only outstanding security performance, high throughput, and significantly reduced costs, but also offers customized development of Layer 3 Appchains to meet specific needs.

Game developers can customize and optimize the on-chain execution environment and consensus mechanism according to their needs, creating a high-performance, low-latency, and low-cost game-specific chain. This also brings more possibilities for fully on-chain games.

Realms and Cartridge have collaborated to jointly develop "Realms World L3" at the beginning of the year, expected to be officially launched in Q3 of this year, running the entire Realms ecosystem on top of Starknet, providing faster speeds and lower costs, further optimizing the user experience.

In addition, Dope Wars has also announced a collaboration with Cartridge to release a Layer3 and use $PAPER as a Gas token.

5.3.1.4 Summary

Although in the eyes of the public, Starknet's performance in Gamefi may not be outstanding, if we focus on fully on-chain games, the ecosystem friendliness of Starknet, clear mission of fully on-chain, and its own technological advantages are attractive to both developers and players.

We can see that game developers on Starknet are highly enthusiastic about building the Cairo ecosystem, and the collaboration of leading projects has led to the completion of key infrastructure such as Dojo.

If one day fully on-chain games can be fully realized, with more and more gaming enthusiasts entering the web3 gaming world and truly owning game assets, we have reason to expect that all of this will happen on Starknet.

5.3.2 ZKML

With the simultaneous explosion of AI and blockchain technology, AI+Blockchain is increasingly seen as the future direction, and ZKML (Zero Knowledge Machine Learning) is a solution.

Traditional ML models are like a black box, owned by centralized institutions, and ordinary users cannot verify what models they are using and whether they are trained with reliable data. This is one of the main reasons why centralized large models are criticized.

In this case, ZKML is very necessary. Think off-chain, act on-chain. By training and running models off-chain and using ZK technology to generate proofs submitted to the chain, it perfectly solves the two dilemmas mentioned earlier—cost and reliability.

At the same time, due to the privacy features of ZK itself, ZKML also has broad prospects in sensitive areas such as finance and healthcare.

Building ZKML based on Cairo on Starknet has natural advantages. Cairo, as a language developed for proofs, has excellent computational integrity and high abstraction in proofs, simplifying the development process for developers.

Thanks to the scalability advantage of STARK, it has significant network effects in handling large-scale computational data, efficiently and cost-effectively supporting the massive data required for machine learning. Therefore, ZKML based on Giza Tech on Starknet is rapidly developing.

Giza is a ZKML middleware platform on Starknet, providing the Orion development framework, allowing developers to use familiar frameworks (such as PyTorch, TensorFlow) for model training and easy deployment on Starknet.

Additionally, Giza has introduced an agent framework called Agents that combines ZKML with multi-chain behavior, allowing developers to create on-chain AI agents, interact with smart contracts, and make decisions based on predefined rules.

Currently, Giza has been applied in multiple projects, such as collaborating with Circles Network for social graph analysis and detecting fake users.

In DeFi, it has collaborated with Yearn Finance to provide intelligent investment strategies and risk management solutions based on ZKML.

ML Village, the latest addition to the Starknet Seed Grand Program, is using Giza to introduce ZKML into chain games for decision-making, demonstrating broad application prospects.

6 Conclusion

According to the recent announcement from the Starknet official, it is expected that by 2024, gas fees will be reduced to far below $0.01, with hundreds of TPS, making it the highest TPS Layer2.

This goal is not grand for Starknet, in fact, StarkWare's positioning of Starknet is far more than just a Layer 2.

In terms of critical choices in product and market, Starknet is more similar to Solana, abandoning the benefits and constraints of EVM and building from scratch.

However, unlike Solana's flaws in decentralization, Starknet cleverly inherits the extreme decentralization of Ethereum through Ethereum Layer 2 + ZK, while ensuring scalability and security, turning the impossible into possible.

And this seemingly perfect result, as we mentioned at the beginning, is a practice of adhering to long-termism, a journey of sacrificing the near for the far. We look forward to seeing more vitality unleashed on Starknet in the future.

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