This article will start with the definition of Bitcoin ETF and focus on the tax treatment that may be involved for investors from the United States, Hong Kong, and Singapore investing in US Bitcoin ETFs.
Author: TaxDAO
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are similar to stocks and are traded on stock exchanges, allowing buying and selling at market prices that fluctuate throughout the trading day based on supply and demand. These funds typically hold a variety of assets such as stocks, commodities, or cryptocurrencies, aiming to track the performance of specific indices or assets. Compared to mutual funds, the net asset value of ETFs is calculated multiple times during the trading day, allowing investors to trade fund shares at prices close to the underlying asset market prices, providing greater liquidity and flexibility.
With the approval of a Bitcoin spot ETF by the US SEC, its tax treatment has also become a focus of investor attention. This article will start with the definition of Bitcoin ETF and focus on the tax treatment that may be involved for investors from the United States, Hong Kong, and Singapore investing in US Bitcoin ETFs.
1. Definition of Bitcoin ETF
1.1 Bitcoin ETF
A Bitcoin ETF holds Bitcoin or contracts related to Bitcoin prices and is traded on traditional stock exchanges, allowing investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin price fluctuations without directly holding or managing Bitcoin, thereby eliminating concerns about security and digital wallets.
In the ever-changing field of cryptocurrency investments, Bitcoin ETFs have become an important financial tool. There are mainly two types of Bitcoin ETFs: Bitcoin spot ETFs and Bitcoin futures ETFs, each of which aligns with different investment strategies and risk preferences.
1.2 Bitcoin Spot ETF
A Bitcoin spot ETF directly holds Bitcoin as the underlying asset of the exchange-traded fund, meaning the performance of the spot ETF is directly linked to the real-time value of the held Bitcoin. When investors purchase shares of a spot ETF, they are essentially buying Bitcoin, but they do not personally hold Bitcoin.
1.3 Bitcoin Futures ETF
A Bitcoin futures ETF is an exchange-traded fund that does not directly hold Bitcoin but invests in Bitcoin futures contracts, allowing investors to speculate on future price fluctuations of Bitcoin without directly holding Bitcoin or futures contracts. Financial institutions raise funds and establish Bitcoin futures ETFs by issuing shares and purchasing Bitcoin futures contracts to track the future price of Bitcoin. When investors purchase shares of a Bitcoin futures ETF, they are essentially buying a portion of the fund that holds these contracts, indirectly betting on the future price of Bitcoin.
1.4 Comparison of Bitcoin Spot ETF and Futures ETF
The main differences between Bitcoin spot ETFs and Bitcoin futures ETFs include underlying assets, performance influencing factors, liquidity requirements, potential price differences, and exposure and risks.
The difference in underlying assets is that Bitcoin spot ETFs directly hold Bitcoin, while the value of Bitcoin futures ETFs comes from futures contracts related to Bitcoin.
The difference in performance influencing factors is that Bitcoin spot ETFs are linked to the real-time price of Bitcoin, while Bitcoin futures ETFs are influenced by the futures market.
In terms of liquidity requirements, because Bitcoin spot ETFs need to hold and securely store Bitcoin, they do not trade frequently to ensure that the ETF price is consistent with the spot price of Bitcoin, while Bitcoin futures ETFs trade more frequently, with a more complex liquidity management process and the possibility of rollovers at contract expiration.
There may be potential price differences between the two types of Bitcoin ETFs because Bitcoin spot ETFs typically closely track the spot price of Bitcoin, while Bitcoin futures ETFs are affected by the dynamics of the futures market and the contract expiration date.
In terms of exposure and risk, the exposure of Bitcoin spot ETFs is a direct exposure to Bitcoin price fluctuations, with the main risk related to Bitcoin price fluctuations, while the exposure of Bitcoin futures ETFs is an indirect exposure to Bitcoin price and risk, influenced by Bitcoin volatility and the complexity of the futures market (such as leverage and expiration dates).
2. Taxation Involved in Investing in ETFs
The operation of ETFs mainly involves several key processes: creation and redemption of shares, and investors receiving returns (dividends, income from market trading through spreads).
2.1 Creation and Redemption Process
The "creation and redemption" mechanism is the way ETFs obtain market exposure and is crucial to the operation of ETFs. Unlike mutual fund shares, retail investors can only buy and sell ETF shares in the market. Therefore, ETFs do not directly sell individual shares to retail investors, nor do they directly redeem individual shares from retail investors; instead, they rely on Authorized Participants (APs). APs can be market makers, experts, or any other large financial institutions.
ETF share creation refers to when the ETF's share price is higher than its net asset value, and the ETF company wants to create new shares for its fund, it seeks help from APs. In order to purchase shares from the ETF, APs aggregate and deposit a specified basket of securities and cash into the fund in exchange for ETF shares in a physical exchange, thereby avoiding sales and capital gains taxes.
ETF redemption refers to when the ETF's share price is lower than its net asset value, and the redemption process is the opposite of the creation process. APs purchase a large number of ETF shares on the open market and deliver these shares to the fund. In return, APs receive a predefined basket of individual securities or cash equivalents. Redemption is also an in-kind exchange, thus avoiding capital gains taxes.
However, once APs receive ETF shares in the creation process, they are free to sell ETF shares to individual investors, institutions, or market makers in the secondary market at a price difference, triggering a taxable event, and requiring payment of capital gains tax or income tax.
2.2 Investors Receiving Returns
Investors are required to pay personal income tax at a certain tax rate on stock dividends and dividend income obtained from the fund.
In addition, when investors buy and sell ETF shares in the market at market prices and earn income through spreads, they are required to pay capital gains tax based on the selling price minus the buying price. Foreign investors purchasing domestic ETFs and receiving interest dividends may be subject to withholding tax, which is a form of income tax levied at the source by a government. This tax is mainly levied on non-residents receiving stock dividends and bond interest, for example, US residents purchasing US ETFs are not subject to withholding tax, while Singapore residents investing in US ETFs may be subject to withholding tax.
3. Tax Treatment for US Residents Investing in US Bitcoin ETFs
The taxation of Bitcoin ETFs at the lower level is generally similar to that of other ETFs, involving capital gains tax, income tax, and withholding tax. In the sale and redemption of ETFs, the sale is a capital gains tax event, while redemption is not a taxable event and does not require taxation.
3.1 Tax Treatment for US Tax Resident Investing in Bitcoin Futures ETFs
The tax treatment of Bitcoin futures ETFs depends on the specific type of futures contracts the ETF invests in. There are two specific types of futures contracts:
（1）Exposure to Regulated Futures Contracts ETF:
This refers to an ETF that holds a certain quantity or proportion of regulated futures contracts in its portfolio, making it sensitive to the market performance, price fluctuations, or related risks of these contracts. According to Section 1256 of the US Internal Revenue Code (IRC), "regulated futures contracts" refer to contracts that meet the following conditions: (a) the amount required to be deposited and the amount allowed to be withdrawn depend on the marking to market mechanism; (b) the contract is traded on a compliant exchange or is subject to its rules.
For Bitcoin futures ETFs, if their portfolio includes Bitcoin contracts traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (Bitcoin contracts are generally traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange), since this exchange is a compliant exchange, the ETF falls under exposure to regulated futures contracts.
If a Bitcoin ETF's portfolio includes regulated futures contracts as defined in Section 1256 of the IRC, regardless of how long investors hold these ETFs (even if it's just for one day), when they sell the ETFs and make a profit, 60% of the profit will be treated as long-term capital gains, and 40% will be treated as short-term capital gains.
（2）ETFs Exposed to Unregulated Futures Contracts:
This refers to contracts traded only in informal, unregulated markets in the ETF's portfolio, such as over-the-counter (OTC) contracts. These contracts may not be regulated or may be subject to limited regulation, and their terms and conditions can be freely negotiated between counterparties. Such ETFs generally have higher risks due to the lack of standardization and trading transparency.
The tax treatment of such ETFs is consistent with the taxation of general capital gains and is also consistent with the tax treatment of Bitcoin spot ETFs; the following section will provide a unified discussion.
3.2 Tax Treatment for US Tax Residents Investing in Bitcoin Spot ETFs
The tax rules for Bitcoin spot ETFs are consistent with the tax rules for general capital gains. If Bitcoin ETF assets are sold within less than a year of holding, the resulting short-term capital gains are subject to ordinary income tax. If the shares are held for more than 12 months and then sold, the resulting long-term capital gains are subject to capital gains tax. The specific tax rates depend on the investor's tax filing status and income level.
3.3 Capital Gains Tax Rates for US Resident Individuals and Corporations
3.3.1 Tax Rates for US Resident Individuals
- Long-term Capital Gains: Long-term capital gains are divided into three tax brackets based on the investor's total taxable income and tax filing status: 0%, 15%, and 20%. For single taxpayers or heads of households, long-term capital gains below $44,625 are tax-exempt; long-term capital gains between $44,625 and $492,300 are taxed at a rate of 15%; and the portion exceeding $492,300 is taxed at a rate of 20%.
- Short-term Capital Gains / Dividend Income: Taxed at income tax rates ranging from 10% to 37%, depending on the total taxable income and tax filing status. For example, for single taxpayers or heads of households, taxable income below $11,000 is subject to a 10% tax rate, while taxable income above $578,125 is subject to a 37% tax rate.
- Other Taxes: If an investor's net investment income or modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds specific thresholds, the income above those thresholds may be subject to a 3.8% net investment income tax (NIIT). The thresholds for NIIT are as follows: $200,000 for single taxpayers or heads of households, $250,000 for married couples filing jointly, and $125,000 for married couples filing separately.
3.3.2 Tax Rates for US Resident Corporations
The taxation of corporate ETFs is similar to that of individuals, including the recognition of long-term and short-term capital gains. The tax rate for net capital gains is 21%. For corporations, gains and losses from the sale or exchange of capital assets held for more than 12 months are considered long-term capital gains and losses. Gains and losses from the sale or exchange of capital assets held for 12 months or less are considered short-term capital gains and losses. Net long-term capital gains exceeding net short-term capital losses are considered net capital gains and are taxed based on this amount. If there are long-term capital gains losses and short-term gains, the short-term gains can be taxed first and cannot be used to offset long-term losses.
3.4 Special Provisions for Taxation of US ETFs
Bitcoin ETFs are also subject to the wash-sale rule. A wash sale refers to the sale or trade of securities at a loss and the purchase of "substantially identical" securities or contracts or options to buy "substantially identical" securities within 30 days before or after the sale. If a loss is deemed invalid, the wash-sale loss cannot be deducted and will be added to the cost basis of the new Bitcoin ETF, thereby increasing the cost basis. This cost adjustment effectively defers the tax deduction of the loss until the disposal of the new Bitcoin ETF. In addition, the holding period calculation for the new Bitcoin ETF must include the holding period of the previously sold Bitcoin ETF.
If an ETF's underlying assets include not only Bitcoin but also other assets such as currencies, futures, and metals, the specific tax rules apply to individuals investing in these specialized asset ETFs.
- Currency ETFs: Most currency ETFs are structured as grantor trusts, meaning that profits from the trust create tax obligations for ETF holders and are taxed as ordinary income. This type of ETF does not have special tax treatment such as long-term capital gains, even if the ETF has been held for several years. Since currency ETFs involve currency pair trading, tax authorities assume that these trades are short-term in nature.
- Futures ETFs: These funds trade in futures contracts for commodities, stocks, US Treasury bonds, and currencies. Regardless of the holding period, gains and losses from these ETFs' futures contracts are taxed at a 60% long-term and 40% short-term ratio. In addition, ETFs trading in futures contracts must follow the mark-to-market valuation rule at the end of the year. This means that unrealized gains at year-end are treated as sales and are subject to taxation.
- Metal ETFs: Trading or investing in gold, silver, or platinum is considered "collectibles" in the eyes of tax authorities, and this policy also applies to trading or holding ETFs of gold, silver, or platinum. For individuals, gains from collectibles are taxed as ordinary income if they are short-term. If held for more than 1 year, they are subject to a higher 28% capital gains tax rate, meaning they do not benefit from the normal long-term capital gains tax rate.
4. Tax Treatment for Hong Kong Residents Investing in Bitcoin ETFs
When Hong Kong investors invest in Bitcoin ETFs from other countries or regions, they may be subject to withholding tax. For example, when Hong Kong residents invest in US Bitcoin ETFs: since there is no Double Taxation Agreement (DTA) between Hong Kong and the US, as non-US tax residents, Hong Kong investors are required to pay a 30% withholding tax on dividends from US ETFs. However, since Bitcoin ETFs do not generate dividends, there is no withholding tax issue. Additionally, Hong Kong residents investing in US ETFs do not need to pay capital gains tax and are only subject to taxation according to Hong Kong regulations.
On the income tax front in Hong Kong, due to the territorial sourcing principle adopted in Hong Kong tax law, income generated outside of Hong Kong is generally not subject to taxation in Hong Kong. Therefore, unless the trading or gains from Bitcoin ETFs have specific Hong Kong elements, Hong Kong investors typically do not need to pay additional taxes on these gains in Hong Kong.
5. Tax Treatment for Singapore Residents Investing in Bitcoin ETFs
When Singapore investors invest in Bitcoin ETFs from other countries or regions, they may be subject to withholding tax. For example, when Singapore residents invest in US Bitcoin ETFs: since there is no DTA between Singapore and the US, Singapore investors are subject to similar taxation as Hong Kong investors, requiring a 30% withholding tax on dividends from the ETF. However, similarly, since Bitcoin ETFs do not generate dividends, there is no withholding tax issue for investing in Bitcoin ETFs; and Singapore residents investing in US ETFs do not need to pay capital gains tax and are only subject to taxation according to Singapore regulations.
Singapore tax law also follows the territorial sourcing principle, only taxing income derived from or sourced in Singapore. However, Singapore income tax law stipulates that if income generated outside of Singapore is remitted, transmitted, or brought into Singapore, it is also considered "sourced in Singapore" income.
Individual investors who remit income from investing in Bitcoin ETFs into Singapore generally need to pay personal income tax on that income. Singapore's personal income tax ranges from 0% to 24% in 2024, depending on the individual's taxable income.
Singapore resident corporations are exempt from tax on foreign-sourced dividend income if they meet the following conditions: (1) the highest corporate tax rate (headline tax rate) in the foreign country generating the income is at least 15% when the income is received in Singapore; (2) the income has been taxed in the foreign country; (3) the exemption is beneficial to the resident company as determined by the authorities.
With adjustments to Singapore tax law, from January 1, 2024, income from the sale of foreign assets may be subject to tax when remitted into Singapore under specific conditions, reflecting Singapore's gradual alignment with international tax standards. However, for income from investing in Bitcoin ETFs, if the income is not remitted into Singapore, investors generally only need to fulfill their withholding tax obligations in the US.
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
By examining the tax treatment of Bitcoin ETF investments for US, Hong Kong, and Singapore residents, it can be observed that the tax burden and profits of ETFs can be reasonably planned by understanding the tax policies of the place of residence and the registration location of the ETF in the creation and redemption, as well as the returns for Bitcoin investors.
As cryptocurrency ETFs become a global hot topic, TaxDAO will analyze the regulatory and tax policies of cryptocurrency ETFs in major countries through special topics on ETF investments. Readers are welcome to follow along.
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