Zama has announced a heavyweight news that it will launch a public sale on the Ethereum mainnet through a sealed bidding single price Dutch style auction. As a project that focuses on privacy computing, it is quite interesting to use this "password flavored" approach. In addition to the recent hot topic of privacy and compliance, I am curious about what @ zama has done? Why can we substitute the holy grail level FHE technology of cryptography into Crypto? 1) To be honest, FHE technology is equivalent to ZKP technology, which naturally adds a layer of privacy because it does not need to disclose data and directly performs calculations on encrypted data without decryption. It sounds sexy, right? But the popularity of FHE technology is much lower than ZKP, and the crux of the problem is that its computing cost is much more expensive than ZKP. This is also the fundamental reason why it is known as the "Holy Grail" of cryptography, and there have been no projects that have truly achieved large-scale applications before. However, the Zama team, a doctoral team of nearly 50 people, has been tackling this technical difficulty for the past 5 years. According to its latest light book, the efficiency of its latest FHE has been improved by more than 100 times, from the initial 0.2 TPS to over 20 TPS on the CPU now. It sounds rare, right? But you should know that this is enough to support the current operation of the entire Ethereum. The key is that according to its performance roadmap, supporting Ethereum is only the current CPU stage capability, and by the end of 2026, the GPU stage TPS will reach 500-1000, covering most Layer 2 and Solana scenarios; This data is actually quite astonishing. It should be noted that for a long time, FHE could only exist in the laboratory, and Zama's goal is to bring it into the mainstream production environment of Crypto. 2) So, what technological optimizations did Zama make? Here are a few key points to discuss: 1. Symbolic execution architecture, to put it bluntly, Zama did not let Ethereum, Solana, and other mainchains directly run expensive FHE calculations, but played a clever division of labor: the main chain is only responsible for sending instructions and verifying results, and the real FHE calculations are thrown to a dedicated co processor cluster outside the chain for parallel processing, which is somewhat similar to Rollup's approach of placing high load calculations off chain; 2. Threshold decryption+MPC combination, in order to enable all confidentiality contracts on the chain to call each other, Zama divides the system private key into 13 blocks and distributes them to 13 MPC nodes for safekeeping. At least 9 nodes must agree to decrypt. And these nodes must also run within a hardware security environment - equivalent to dual protection of software and hardware, where a single node being hacked does not affect overall security. 3 ZKP +FHE， In fact, by utilizing the lightweight feature of ZK proof and combining the backend execution of the co processor network, a layered design of front-end and back-end collaborative processing was ultimately achieved. 3) After talking so much, what exactly is Zama's positioning? As emphasized repeatedly in the light book, Zama is not a new L1 or L2, but a cross chain confidentiality layer. In their own words, they want to be HTTPS in the blockchain world, just as the Internet has been upgraded from HTTP to HTTPS to achieve transmission encryption. With Zama, the blockchain will also evolve from the current transparent implementation of plaintext to end-to-end encryption. Simply put, Zama is not about reinventing new wheels, but about becoming the privacy standard layer for all public chains. It can be deployed on Ethereum Solana、 Even any EVM compatible blockchain enables end-to-end encryption capability for all public chains. By association, @ VitalikButerin has been tirelessly adding privacy compliance capabilities to Ethereum recently, and Zama has become a key puzzle to make up for the privacy capabilities of public chains like Ethereum. Isn't this new narrative direction much sexier than just talking about FHE?