Li Zicheng's peasant army was not strong in combat; later, when they encountered the Eight Banners, they collapsed instantly!

When Li Zicheng attacked Beijing, important passes along the way such as Yanmen Pass, Guguan, Ningwuguan, Datong Xuanfu, and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight, with the Ming army's commanders opening the gates to surrender.

If only one or two had surrendered, it would be a problem with the commanders, but with all surrendering along the way, it is enough to prove how much people hated Chongzhen!

Chongzhen ruled for 17 years and changed 17 Ministers of War (equivalent to the Minister of War); he directly executed 7 of them, and including those dismissed, imprisoned, exiled, as well as those who committed suicide or died of illness, almost none ended well. There were 8 Commissioners in Liaodong who directly engaged in battles with the Qing, among them 4 were dismissed, one was executed by slow slicing, one was sentenced to death in battle, and one committed suicide. The entire court was filled with despair. He also imposed harsh taxes on the common people, abolished local positions (post stations), and local officials, in order to complete their tasks, imposed various fines and seizures, suppressing local industry and commerce, even leading landowning farmers to prefer to abandon their land and become refugees; thus, Li Zicheng's army grew larger due to the influx of these refugees.

Chongzhen wanted to revive the late Ming, but his intelligence was insufficient; he belonged to the category of "diligent governance leads to the fall of the country." If he had not been so diligent and meddlesome, things might have turned out better!

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