Since 2025, blockchain infrastructure has transitioned from "usable" to "user-friendly." Three key directions are crucial: the advancement of account abstraction on the Ethereum mainnet, the leap in decentralized sequencing and transaction confirmation experiences in Layer 2, and the scaling of modular data availability layers represented by Celestia and Avail. Together, they point to a trend—enhancing throughput and user experience without sacrificing decentralization, thereby releasing capacity for the next wave of application expansion.
First, after the Pectra upgrade, Ethereum has further advanced account abstraction capabilities to the protocol layer. EIP-7702 allows traditional EOAs to temporarily delegate smart contract execution, thus obtaining a programmable experience akin to smart accounts while maintaining key control. This means wallets are no longer just "signers" but can natively support more user-friendly recovery, automatic billing, and multi-asset payment logic, enabling developers to improve the onboarding threshold without sacrificing security assumptions. For infrastructure, this step makes the "wallet—contract—application" interface more composable, and subsequent middleware around payment abstraction, account recovery, and risk control strategies is expected to mature rapidly.
Second, Layer 2 is moving from "cheap and fast" to "more decentralized." Over the past year, the industry has increased investment in the decentralization of sequencers and censorship resistance. The based rollup path, based on the Ethereum validator and block producer ecosystem, attempts to return the sequencing rights of Rollups to an open market, reducing the trust assumptions on a single sequencer. Recently, Taiko enabled preconfirmations on the mainnet, aiming to provide a faster user-side confirmation experience without sacrificing decentralization. This approach differentiates itself from the traditional "centralized sequencer + asynchronous submission" route, and if validated by more Rollups, it will find a more stable balance between user experience and censorship resistance.
Third, the modular architecture is moving from concept to implementation. Celestia, with its role of "only providing data availability," offers scalable blobspace for Rollups and application chains, allowing developers to place execution and application logic in a chosen environment while delegating data publishing and sampling to a general DA layer, thus achieving a "just-in-time assembly" of chain infrastructure. Concurrently, after the launch of the Avail mainnet, it also joined the DA track, providing developers with different security and cost curve options. The significance for the ecosystem is that infrastructure is beginning to be configurable like cloud computing: execution environments, settlement layers, data availability, and shared security can be combined as needed, reducing the marginal costs of launching and scaling new chains.
Alongside these three main lines of progress, there is an overflow of security and shared security models. Re-staking facilities represented by EigenLayer attempt to radiate Ethereum's economic security outward for reuse by oracles, sequencers, DA services, or new service networks. In practice, this model reinforces the narrative of "Ethereum as a security center," but it also requires stricter engineering constraints on risk coupling, penalty logic, and delegation concentration; otherwise, shared security may evolve into a shared fault domain.
The Bitcoin ecosystem is also brewing updates in its foundational capabilities. Technical discussions around OPCAT and OPCTV open up space for richer on-chain contract-style control and programmability; if the community reaches a consensus and advances a soft fork, it may introduce new primitives for Bitcoin within conservative security boundaries, in conjunction with asset protocols like Runes, forming a gradual path of "stable security, enhanced functionality." It is important to emphasize that these proposals are still in the technical review and consensus-building stage, and actual activation will require a time window and broad coordination.
From an industry perspective, the iteration of infrastructure has significantly impacted upper-layer applications and capital allocation. On one hand, account abstraction reduces the friction of user conversion in the "first kilometer," making it easier to integrate wallets and fiat entry points; on the other hand, the modular development paradigm shortens the cycle from prototype to mainnet, allowing teams to focus resources on differentiated business logic rather than "building the base." Meanwhile, the decentralization of sequencing and rapid confirmation provides more stable latency and expectations for transactional and real-time interactive applications (such as on-chain social, gaming, and secondary market making), improving the persistent issue of "cliff-like declines in peak experience."
Of course, progress also comes with new engineering challenges. Account abstraction needs to find a clearer boundary between usability and security to avoid introducing systemic risks of upgradeable contracts due to improper permission design; the open sequencing of based rollups is more tightly coupled with the MEV market, and how to price between fair sequencing, censorship resistance, and economic efficiency still requires empirical evidence; modular DA lowers the entry threshold, but the complexity of cross-layer debugging, state connection, and cross-domain security proofs increases, necessitating that developer toolchains and monitoring observability keep pace. For regulators, more "orchestrable" foundational capabilities will also prompt compliance interfaces and risk control standards to extend to the underlying layers.
In summary, blockchain infrastructure is crossing the stage of "single-point optimization" and entering a new cycle of "systemic synergy": the protocol layer expands programmability through account abstraction, the scaling layer shortens interaction delays with decentralized sequencing and rapid confirmation, the underlying layer releases elastic capacity with modular DA, and shared security connects various services. If these links align steadily in practice, 2025-2026 is expected to become a critical window for on-chain applications to transition from "able to run" to "user-friendly and scalable."
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