Original Author: Delphi Digital

Original Compilation: Luffy, Foresight News

The DeFi lending industry has been in a slump, mainly due to the complex multi-asset lending pools and governance-driven project decisions. Our latest report explores the potential of a new type of lending product - modular lending, revealing its characteristics, design, and impact.

Current Status of DeFi Lending

DeFi lending protocols have become active again, with borrowing volume increasing by nearly 250% year-on-year, from $3.3 billion in the first quarter of 2023 to $11.5 billion in the first quarter of 2024.

At the same time, there is an increasing demand to include more long-tail assets in the collateral whitelist. However, adding new assets significantly increases the risk of the asset pool, hindering the lending protocol's support for more collateral assets.

To manage additional risks, lending protocols need to adopt risk management tools such as deposit/borrowing limits, conservative loan-to-value ratios (LTV), and high liquidation penalties. Meanwhile, isolated lending pools provide flexibility in asset selection but suffer from liquidity dispersion and low capital efficiency.

DeFi lending is reviving through innovation, shifting from pure "permissionless" lending to "modular" lending. "Modular" lending caters to a broader asset base demand and allows for customized risk exposure.

The core of a modular lending platform lies in:

• The base layer handling functionality and logic
• The abstraction layer and aggregation layer ensuring user-friendly access to protocol functionality without adding complexity

The goal of a modular lending platform is to have a base layer primitive with a modular architecture, emphasizing flexibility, adaptability, and encouraging end-user-centric product innovation.

In the process of transitioning to modular lending, there are two major protocols worth paying attention to: Morpho Labs and Euler Finance.

The unique features of these two protocols will be highlighted below. We delve into the trade-offs, unique features, improvements, and conditions required for modular lending to surpass DeFi money markets.

Morpho

Morpho was initially introduced as an improver of lending protocols and has successfully become the third-largest lending platform on Ethereum, with deposits exceeding $1 billion.

Morpho has developed a solution for the modular lending market consisting of two independent products: Morpho Blue and Meta Morpho.

Liquidity Amplification of Morpho

Before Morpho Blue, liquidity dispersion was a major drawback of isolated lending markets. However, the Morpho team addressed this challenge through aggregation at two levels: lending pools and insurance vaults.

Reaggregation of Liquidity

Lending to isolated markets through the MetaMorpho insurance vault avoids liquidity dispersion. Liquidity for each market is aggregated at the insurance vault level, providing users with withdrawal liquidity equivalent to that of a multi-asset lending pool while maintaining market independence.

Shared mode expands liquidity beyond the lending pool

The Meta Morpho insurance vault enhances the liquidity position of lenders, surpassing that of a single lending pool. Liquidity from each vault is concentrated on Morpho Blue, benefiting anyone lending to the same market.

The insurance vault significantly enhances the liquidity of lenders. As deposits aggregate on Blue, subsequent users deposit funds into the same market, increasing the withdrawal funds for users and their insurance vaults, releasing additional liquidity.

Euler

Euler V1 changed DeFi lending by supporting non-mainstream tokens and permissionless platforms. Due to a flash loan attack in 2023 resulting in losses exceeding $195 million, Euler V1 was phased out.

Euler V2 is a more adaptable modular lending primitive, including:

(1) Euler Vault Kit (EVK): Allows permissionless deployment and customization of lending insurance vaults.

(2) Ethereum Vault Connector (EVC): Enables insurance vaults to connect and interact, enhancing flexibility and functionality.

Euler V2 is set to be launched this year, and we are curious how long it will take to establish a foothold in the fiercely competitive DeFi lending market.

Below is an overview of the use cases for Euler V2, focusing on the unique DeFi products that can be achieved using Euler V2's modular architecture.

Comparison of Morpho and Euler

Comparing Morpho and Euler reveals their main differences, which are the result of different design choices. Both projects have designed mechanisms to achieve similar ultimate goals, such as lower liquidation penalties, easier reward distribution, and bad debt accounting.

Morpho's solution is limited to isolated lending markets, a single liquidation mechanism, and is primarily used for lending ERC-20 tokens.

In contrast, Euler V2 supports lending with multi-asset pools, allows for custom liquidation logic, and aims to be the base layer for lending all types of fungible and non-fungible tokens.

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