Comparison of Web2 and Web3 Game Value Chains in the Full-Chain Game Ecosystem

Author: @minta0103, PSE Trading

Translation: DG Chain Game Overseas

TL;DR

1. Basic Concepts and Significance of Full-Chain Games

2. Value Chain Breakdown - Web2 Game Value Chain VS Web3 Game Value Chain

3. Infrastructure Layer - Game Public Chain, Game Engine, Communication Structure, Rendering Layer, etc.

4. Middleware - SDK Integration, Service Integration, Communication Protocols, Monitoring Tools, etc.

5. Distributors - Analysis of Different Distribution Strategies and Case Studies

01 Overview

A full-chain game refers to a game that stores game logic and data completely on the blockchain, relying on smart contracts for operation and interaction. In contrast, a partial on-chain game only stores some game elements on the blockchain. Depending on the content uploaded to the blockchain, a partial on-chain game can involve core logic, assets, achievements, and interactions.

Storing core logic on the blockchain involves placing the game's algorithms and core data on the blockchain. For example, in a chess game, the basic rules of chess are stored on the blockchain, along with the status of the chessboard and all core data related to the game process. Each move and the determination of victory or defeat are executed through smart contracts on the blockchain.

Storing assets on the blockchain refers to placing in-game virtual items, characters, or other resources on the chain, allowing players to fully own, trade, and manage these assets. This provides economic benefits to players, incentivizes their participation in the game ecosystem, and opens up possibilities for an open economy.

Storing achievements on the blockchain is also an interesting concept. Players' achievements in the game can be recorded on the blockchain, serving as their glorious records in the game world. This allows players' achievements to be recognized not only within the game but also on the blockchain.

Expanding further, we have interaction on the blockchain. This includes not only players' achievements but also their interaction records within the game community, such as chatting with other players and participating in community activities. All of these are recorded on the blockchain, creating an interesting gaming resume and giving meaning to every player's participation.

Of course, full-chain games are still a nascent concept and are currently in the early stages of development. It is clear that by abstracting various modules of the game and placing them on the blockchain, more innovative possibilities are created. However, the specific impact of fully migrating games to the blockchain is still being continuously explored by the industry. From a qualitative analysis perspective, the most compelling reasons for migrating the entire game to the blockchain can be summarized as follows:

● Increasing Composability: Building more game modules through smart contracts, including security audits, access control, and resource measurement. Traditional games find it challenging to adapt to this environment and recombine composable modules. Additionally, smart contracts can be used to create more user-generated content (UGC), lowering the barrier to game content production, promoting UGC creation, and enhancing the playability and composability of the game content.

● Open Economy: With the increasing number of Web3 players and enhanced interoperability of various ecosystems, the game economy becomes more open, allowing players to participate in in-game economic activities in a more flexible manner.

Subsequent articles from PSE Trading will delve into the rationality of games being on the blockchain in more detail. This article focuses on clarifying the concept of full-chain games and presenting a panoramic view of the value chain, aiming to provide readers with a clearer understanding of the various aspects of the full-chain game industry chain.

02 Value Chain

2.1 Web2 Game Value Chain

When discussing the value chain of the Web3 game industry, we can draw on the experience of the Web2 game industry. The Web2 game industry can be roughly divided into four key layers: infrastructure layer, middleware layer, service layer, and application layer.

The infrastructure layer is the foundation of the entire game ecosystem, covering the necessary infrastructure and key technologies for building the game operating environment. For example, games need to run on servers, and services like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure provide server deployment infrastructure. Additionally, network infrastructure is used for online game functions, such as network hosting services.

The middleware layer primarily focuses on addressing the technical complexity of game development and operation. For example, graphic engines are responsible for handling game graphics rendering to present players with exquisite game visuals. Physics engines can simulate the physical behavior of in-game objects, adding a more realistic interactive experience to the game. Well-known physics engines such as Havok and PhysX inject vivid elements into the game's physical effects.

The service layer is responsible for various key processes between the game and end users. This includes game distribution, operation, customer support, and terminal services. For distribution, channel partners play a crucial role in introducing games to the market and ensuring their reach to a wide player base. In terms of operation, various marketing strategies and promotional activities are implemented to ensure the visibility and appeal of the game.

The application layer represents the core content and user interaction presented to players in the game. At this layer, the game's core gameplay, graphic interface, sound effects, music, and social interaction are showcased.

In summary, the value chain of traditional Web2 games is interconnected from infrastructure and technical middleware to game application design. However, as a highly industrialized track, the value chain of Web2 games is finely divided, with specific tools/teams for each scenario/requirement. By drawing on the value chain of Web2 games, we can better understand the composition of the Web3 game ecosystem.

2.2 Web3 Game Value Chain

Compared to the maturity of the Web2 game track, the full-chain game field is still in its early stages of development. Therefore, the granularity of the full-chain game industry chain is not as refined as that of the Web2 game industry. However, the relationships between the upstream and downstream of the full-chain game industry chain still exhibit similar logic to the Web2 game industry chain.

The full-chain game industry chain can still be divided into four key levels, echoing the levels of the Web2 game industry: infrastructure layer, middleware layer, service/tools layer, and application/game layer.

03 Infrastructure Layer

On the stage of the game industry, the infrastructure layer acts as a solid pillar. From server operation to network connection and player data management, the various components of the infrastructure layer collectively build the game's virtual world.

As mentioned earlier, the biggest difference between Web3 and Web2 games is the involvement of the blockchain. In the full-chain game ecosystem, the most significant network effect comes from the composability and scalability of the game, as well as the integration of game assets with other games based on the same ecosystem and engine. Therefore, in the infrastructure of Web3 full-chain games, two very important parts are the public chain tailored for games and the on-chain game engine tailored for scalability.

3.1 Game Public Chain

Currently, there are two main types of public chains related to games: one is Layer2 designed specifically for games, and the other is Layer1 that encourages the game ecosystem. Some examples are listed in this article:

From a data perspective, according to Footprint's data, BNB Chain, Ethereum, Polygon, and Wax ecosystems still lead the GameFi field, with over 80% of on-chain games deployed on them.

Referring to Footprint's monthly on-chain game transaction data (note: data is up to August 2023), the Wax ecosystem's transaction volume has been in an absolute leading position in 2023. As of the time of writing, Wax's transaction volume in August 2023 was 429.24M, accounting for 86.56% of all on-chain game transactions.

Referring to Footprint's annual on-chain game transaction data (note: data is up to 2023), Wax has held an absolute position in transaction volume since 2020, with no significant changes in the ranking of on-chain game transaction volume during this period.

3.2 Game Engine

Many codes and graphic materials used in game development can be reused. Therefore, game developers integrate most of the code and assets needed for games into a set of development tools (SDK) to improve development efficiency and optimize the development process, and this set of SDK is called a game engine.

For example, Unity provides developers with rich tools and resources to create 2D and 3D games. Similarly, Unreal Engine is very powerful in graphic rendering and special effects, widely used for developing high-quality AAA games.

Some Web3 game studios, such as Planetarium Labs and Lattice, are also developing their own Web3 game engines, enabling Web3 game developers to write complex game logic and interactive content.

According to IOSG Ventures - Ishanee's summary of Web3 Game Engines, Mud and Dojo are public products, while Argus and Curio are built by past commercial teams through fundraising:

In summary, according to IOSG Ventures - Ishanee's summary of Web3 Game Engines, the comparison of the features of the four game engines is as shown in the following figure:

MUD is the pioneer of Web3 game engines, with a first-mover advantage and a large player community. Curio's keystone is also building a game design engine, focusing on increasing blockchain ticks. Argus focuses on various expansion solutions and building different frameworks for game design. Dojo focuses on building a game where all logic can be proven to have been executed off-chain.

In addition to the engines themselves, there are also tools focused on building specific modules, such as:

Endless Quest: Generates consistent narratives in AW, such as metadata and art.
MUDVRF: A MUD module for generating on-chain random numbers in the game.
DeFi Wonderland: Uses a burner client to manage wallet accounts.
MUD Scan: Leaderboard for MUD games.
Argus: Plans to launch an EVM Layer 2 with insertable data availability layer, focusing on customizability.

MUD v2 and Dojo are the two engines with faster development progress. Several full-chain games using MUD and DOJO have already been launched. This article summarizes them, as detailed in the table below:

Overall, each engine is striving to increase tick rate and expand the network, aiming to enable the blockchain to support more complex game interactions.

However, the biggest problem with full-chain game engines at present is the lack of unified construction standards. Referring to the development of Web2 games, game engines exhibit a strong Matthew effect, and in the future, there will only be 1-2 leading companies setting standards for the track.

According to the general trend of the industry, the engine that first finds product-market fit (PMF) for full-chain games will gain a significant advantage in the competition.

3.3 Communication Structure

In traditional game development, there is a classic challenge in the module communication structure, which involves the relationships and hierarchical structure between different characters or objects within the game.

For example, consider "aquatic creatures," "terrestrial creatures," and "amphibians." Aquatic creatures exist directly in the water layer, and their characteristics and behaviors related to the water environment can be relatively easily managed and implemented. Similarly, terrestrial creatures can be placed directly in the land layer, and functions related to the properties and behaviors of the land environment can be relatively easily managed. However, amphibians, as a special case, need to survive and act in two different environments, which poses a challenge. Placing amphibians in water or on land, or how to switch between the two environments, involves complex logic and interactions. Traditional module communication structures may encounter difficulties in handling this situation because they need to consider the transition and conversion between different environments, as well as the behavior and characteristics of amphibians in these environments.

To address this problem, Web2 games developed a framework called ECS, which stands for Entity-Component-System. ECS is a more flexible module communication structure that separates data (components) and behavior (systems), making data storage and processing more flexible and efficient. For example, in the above example, using the ECS architecture would allow amphibians to seamlessly switch between water and land and automatically adjust their behavior and attributes based on the current environment. This involves techniques such as state management, environment detection, and dynamic attribute changes.

Web3 games have developed a Web3 Communication Infra - ARC, which stands for Action Registry Core, based on the ECS architecture. The technology core consists of three parts:

Objects are Actions: In ARC, the core units of the game are considered actions. This means that characters, events, decisions, etc., in the game are abstracted into the form of actions, making the game's interactions and logic more flexible and scalable.
Only store game results on-chain.
Other data is stored offline and accessed through data indexers and data relay infrastructure.

In summary, ARC, as the communication infrastructure in Web3 games, fully draws on the ECS architecture's ideas. By objectifying actions, storing game results on-chain, and integrating offline data and infrastructure, ARC provides Web3 games with higher flexibility, scalability, and efficiency.

Currently, there are no separate projects developing the ARC communication structure, but several major Game Engines and some independent Web3 Game Studios are dedicated to this.

3.4 Rendering Layer

The most famous rendering infrastructure in Web2 is Unreal Engine. In Web3, a distributed rendering protocol - RNDR has been built, combining decentralized features.

RNDR is backed by the Render Network, a protocol for distributed rendering using a decentralized network. The company behind Render Network, OTOY.Inc, was founded in 2009, and its rendering software OctaneRender is optimized for GPU rendering. For ordinary creators, local rendering can be resource-intensive, leading to a demand for cloud rendering. However, renting servers from AWS, Azure, and other providers for rendering may be costly. This led to the creation of Render Network, which connects creators with users who have idle GPUs, allowing creators to render cheaply, quickly, and efficiently. Node users can use idle GPUs to earn extra income.

For Render Network, participants have two roles:

Creators: Initiate rendering tasks and purchase credits using fiat currency or RNDR for payment. (Octane X is the tool used to publish tasks, suitable for Mac and iPad. 0.5-5% of the fee will cover network costs).
Node Providers (owners of idle GPUs): Node providers can apply to become node providers and are prioritized based on their reputation for completing tasks. After completing rendering tasks, creators review the rendered files and download them. Once the download is complete, the fee locked in the smart contract is sent to the node provider's wallet. This arrangement allows node providers to make extra income from their idle GPUs and improves the efficiency of the entire network.

In conclusion, Render Network not only solves performance issues during rendering but also provides a win-win opportunity for creators and users with idle GPUs through its unique architecture.

04 Middleware Layer

4.1 SDK Integration

Similar to Game Engines, SDKs are provided to facilitate one-click deployment for open personnel, but these SDKs are tailored for more specific functionalities.

Project parties are entering the integrated SDK track from different angles. The following summarizes the three common GTM Strategies:

Case 01 - SDK Store

The first type is the SDK store, similar to an app store, where project parties aggregate all SDKs available in the market, and developers can search for the SDKs they need directly in the SDK store.

For example, Unity Asset Store SDK packages provide verified SDKs from MetaMask, Magicblock (Solana), Tezos, Nefta, Immutable, and others. Chainsafe Gaming's Web3.Unity is also a popular open-source choice outside of the Asset Store. Unreal Engine developers can consider Game7, Emergence, or Mirage's Web3.Unreal.

Case 02 - Specific Functionality

SDKs for specific functionalities, such as:

NFT Market:
No-code solutions: Altura or Recur allow developers to create web-based external NFT markets without code.
In-game market: In-game markets have higher customization requirements. Existing solutions typically provide APIs or Unity/Unreal SDKs to simplify common market functions on the blockchain. These functions include listing NFTs, viewing inventory, or making purchases.

E.g.: Nefta, Particle Network, Venly, Sequence, Mirror World, Fungies, and Chainsafe Gaming.

● In-Game Services:

Some companies, such as Aqua, provide no-code/low-code in-game marketplace as a service. By embedding the system directly into the Unity game client, players can access the virtual marketplace within the game to purchase decorations, character appearances, and other items without leaving the game. Through integration with Unity, Aqua provides game developers with a simpler way to create a rich in-game transaction experience for players.

● In-Game Store System SDK:

Although not strictly part of the SDK track, some providers, such as Ready Games and MetaFab, offer customized in-game store system SDK/solutions.

4.2 All-in-One Service Providers

All-in-one service providers typically have the most comprehensive blockchain integration technology stack and offer related services to developers and publishers.

Case 01 - Forte

Forte is a blockchain gaming platform that provides a range of services aimed at building an accessible blockchain gaming ecosystem for developers, communities, and players. These services cover the entire lifecycle of game development, including liquidity, compliance, tool development, player services, game creation, and economic model design. Forte also provides funding for game creators to encourage game creation.

In addition, Forte introduces DeFi and NFTs to create new revenue streams for game creators. The platform establishes market and trading services, simplifies the digital asset wallet experience, and provides built-in compliance components, including anti-money laundering (AML) and KYC. Through these features, Forte enables existing games to build scalable token economies, enhancing the sustainability and profitability of games.

Case 02 - All-in-One Consulting

Many game studios, such as Bigtime's Open Loot and Horizon's Sequence (skyweaver), provide consulting/incubation services. They leverage their rich experience to help Web2 developers and games enter the market.

For example, in addition to technical integration, Open Loot also provides marketing support, payment processing, and comprehensive game analytics. Horizon's Sequence helps Web2 games transition to Web3, including NFTization of virtual items and ownership transactions on the blockchain. These services not only expand the market but also help developers find new business opportunities and growth in the digital space.

4.3 Communication Protocols

Case 01 - XMTP

XMTP is an early Web3 communication protocol project aimed at building a unified decentralized messaging system to provide communication infrastructure for all Dapps. It can be understood as a decentralized version of XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) in the blockchain field. Using the built-in XMTP client, users can send and receive encrypted XMTP messages within the application and authenticate through wallet signatures. Through this protocol, messages can be effectively encrypted and resistant to spam and other malicious behavior. However, the protocol currently only supports point-to-point message delivery, i.e., it only supports one-on-one communication. Nevertheless, XMTP still lays a preliminary foundation for decentralized communication in Web3, making decentralized communication more practical and feasible.

Case 02 - Web3MQ

Web3MQ is an open-source decentralized secure communication protocol aimed at being an encryption-native communication infrastructure. It extends and improves on the form of XMTP, providing an all-in-one communication solution that includes push, chat, and community features.

Additionally, Web3MQ is compatible with a wide range of social identity and social graph protocols, using the communication protocol as a bridge to unleash the potential of each social relationship. It also integrates existing Web3 ecosystems, including web3 storage (such as IPFS) and computing (such as Internet Computer), as a complement to the messaging ecosystem, and users can achieve higher levels of privacy protection and other personalized features through custom configurations. Compared to current Web3 communication protocols, Web3MQ is a relatively mature and complete protocol project in terms of ideas and functionality.

4.4 Economic System Monitoring Tools

Since most Web3 games have built-in economic systems, monitoring the economic cycle is crucial for Web3 games. This has led to a demand for simulating, testing, and monitoring the health of the gamefi system.

Machinations provides game developers with a visual way to design and optimize the economic cycle of games. Currently, more than 20 Web3 games have partnered with Machinations to enhance their game's economic design using this tool.

For example, in a Web3 strategy game, players need to collect resources, build cities, and recruit troops. The game's resources include wood, stone, and gold, which interact with each other in the game, influencing player decisions and strategies. Using Machinations, game developers can create a chart that graphically represents factors such as resources, production, consumption, and more. They can set the speed of resource generation, how players use resources, and the relationships between resources. For example, developers can set wood and stone for city construction and gold for recruiting troops. They can also set the costs of different actions, such as building new structures, recruiting troops, or trading.

Through Machinations, developers can simulate the operation of the in-game economic system, seeing how the flow and changes of resources affect the entire game ecosystem. If a certain aspect is too scarce or abundant, developers can adjust the values to optimize resource allocation, making the game's economic cycle more balanced and interesting.

4.5 Others

With the development of Web3 and blockchain technology, there are also new protocols dedicated to deriving a small part of the Game or certain functions of NFT, and then empowering in-game tokens.

For example, Furion is mainly used to divide non-fungible tokens (NFTs) into corresponding ERC20 tokens, which can be freely traded and circulated on the Furion platform and support various financial operations such as lending, borrowing, leveraged long and short positions.

For example, if a digital artwork by an artist is converted into an NFT, the Furion platform can help divide the NFT into corresponding ERC20 tokens. These tokens can represent different parts or shares of the artwork and can be freely traded on the Furion platform. Art enthusiasts can purchase a portion of these ERC20 tokens to share ownership of the digital artwork. In addition, Furion supports financial operations such as lending, allowing users to invest and trade using the ERC20 tokens they hold.

This also provides new possibilities for the token model of Gamefi, such as Gamefi can choose not to issue coins directly, but to issue NFTs first, empower NFT usage scenarios, and then issue tokens based on NFT as underlying assets, etc.

05 Channels/Distributors

In the gaming industry, channels and distributors play a crucial role. Looking back at game distribution in the Web 2.0 era, it can be divided into two main types of models.

The first is game platform distributors, such as Steam, Epic, Nintendo, etc., whose key success factor (KSF) is platform traffic. These distributors began to rise with a few explosive games and unique well-known IPs. Continuous hit games accumulated a large number of users for them, and they gradually transformed from game developers to distribution platforms, and then continued to expand services, functions, and social interactions, becoming comprehensive gaming platforms, further enhancing user stickiness and building brand moats.

The other type is hardware and terminal manufacturers, such as Huawei, Apple, etc., which still rely on user traffic as their KSF. They attract users by launching high-quality devices and increasing device penetration. When users purchase and use hardware, they not only get the hardware itself but also come into contact with the ecosystem and services provided by the platform, making them very important game distribution channels.

Whether game platform distributors or hardware/terminal manufacturers, they play important roles in the gaming industry. By accumulating user traffic, owning well-known IPs, and building comprehensive ecosystems, these distributors have driven the development of the gaming industry at different levels. Currently, a mature distribution channel system has not yet been formed in the Web3 field. The following summarizes several distribution strategies adopted in the current stage of the Web3 game track.

5.1 Route One - Classic Web2 Route

Its overall path is similar to the Steam/Nintendo/TapTap of the Web2 era, aiming to become the TapTap of the Web3 field, relying on high-quality games to acquire user traffic, and then gradually developing into a distribution platform.

The advantage of this strategy is that it has been validated in the Web2 field. However, the disadvantages are also obvious because the implementation of this model is quite heavy, requiring high funding and capabilities from the team. In addition, it is currently unclear who the first batch of TAs for Web3 games are. The debate about whether to focus more on Web3 native users or to attract traffic from Web2 has never stopped. This also makes the target audience of the distribution platform unclear, posing challenges to the team's GTM and product matrix.

Case 01 - XterioGames

XterioGames received a $15 million investment from Binance Labs in July 2023. Xterio is a Web3 game platform and distributor expected to release a variety of cross-platform games on PC and mobile devices. The ecosystem will also distribute digital collectibles through Xterio's network platform and marketplace.

As a player, Xterio will be equipped with a game library, NFT marketplace, on-chain interface, decentralized identity system, as well as wallets and community applications. For developers, Xterio provides solutions to alleviate the burden of on-chain programming, helping developers obtain funding and promotion, and creating a seamless path from development, launch to ecosystem.

Overall, XterioGames is also a project constantly exploring Route One. Xterio has several core games in development and has released several games through acquisitions and partnerships. The following image shows some of the games already released by XterioGames.

Case 02 - Cartridge

Cartridge is a Starknet ecosystem game integration platform positioned as the Web3's Steam.

For developers, Cartridge has introduced Cartridge Controller and Dojo Engine, simplifying the development process and lowering the development threshold through a unified framework. For players, they can quickly find games on Cartridge. Currently, Cartridge has provided several playable games. The following image only shows some of the playable games.

Case 03 - Createra

Createra is a user-generated content (UGC) metaverse engine invested by a16z, enabling creators to create, distribute, and MetaFi games. Createra provides users with a unique encryption-native autonomous world, including cross-play and instant access. Additionally, everything built on the platform's land is tradable, including models, games, APIs, and more. The project also focuses on integrating ERC-6551 with games, such as in the decentralized identity (DID) field.

In general, Createra can be seen as a Web3 version of Minecraft to some extent. By partnering with popular IPs such as BAYC, it encourages Web3 users to enter the gaming world, create their own virtual environments, and interact within the entire ecosystem. The project continues to add more features and services to the ecosystem, such as mapping player achievements to DID or embedding other games in the world, making it a gamified comprehensive distribution platform.

5.2 Route Two - Exploration of the Crypto Native Path

Route Two is a more Crypto Native exploration, gathering users through player interaction to become the focus of traffic. Currently, there are many paths being explored in this field, including building achievement systems, aggregating airdrops, creating educational systems, and building decentralized identities (DID), among others.

In contrast to Route One, Route Two is more Crypto Native, with a lighter model that requires lower financial strength from the team but higher user operation capabilities. In this route, the team needs to have the ability to quickly capture the most interesting interaction trends for Web3 users and timely integrate these trends into their platform to effectively attract users.

However, it is worth noting that the exploration of Route Two has not been fully market-validated. There is still high uncertainty about which way is the ultimate choice for the market in different development paths. Therefore, teams need to maintain keen market insights, continuously adjust strategies to adapt to market changes, and closely monitor the changing trends in user needs. The following summarizes some related Case studies of choosing Route Two.

Case 01 - Carv

Carv is a GameID platform that enters through the achievement system. Interestingly, it calculates the user's reputation score based on the user's past on-chain data and presents the overall GameID with this reputation score + the claimed SBT. The platform provides social data analysis for listed projects, allowing players to quickly discover potential, high-heat games, and also track the latest social dynamics of games they are interested in. The platform also has an INO section, allowing games to launch NFTs, but this content relies more on the project's BD capabilities, with only 10 launches so far.

Case 02 - DeQuest

DeQuest is a GameID platform that enters through the Quest system. It has gamified design, presenting the user's GameID in the form of a virtual avatar (which can be used to enter the sandbox in the future), and unlocking equipment and skills during the quest completion process.

Case 03 - Parami

Parami Protocol is an ERC5489 protocol that can revolutionize the creator economy of the internet, turning NFTs into a gateway for Web3 content discovery. For example, on a social media platform, users can use Parami Protocol to upload their social data, posts, photos, and other information to the chain. This data is securely stored and encrypted, and users can authorize others to access and use this data under permission.

In addition to applications in data sharing and privacy protection, Parami Protocol actively collaborates with numerous game projects, creating broader possibilities for users. For example, a game based on Parami Protocol can allow players to map their achievements and item ownership information in the game to NFTs, enabling richer asset value transfer and interaction in the Web3 ecosystem. This collaboration elevates the gaming experience to a new level, connecting the virtual world and the real world more closely.

In conclusion, while opening up new ways of data governance and content discovery, Parami Protocol also provides the possibility of becoming a traffic entry point for the game track.

5.3 Route Three - Incubation by Public Chains and Exchanges

In the Web2 ecosystem, many content providers (CPs), such as game developers, typically pay distribution platforms for access to traffic and exposure on the platform. However, in the current Web3 ecosystem, due to the lack of high-quality content, there is a phenomenon of platforms paying high-quality CPs. Specifically, some public chains and exchanges host hackathon events. In these events, outstanding content creators are selected and provided with resources and training support, prompting more high-quality content to emerge within their own public chain/exchange ecosystems, thereby driving the development of the entire ecosystem.

For example, the leading Gamefi project Stepn in 2021 is a typical case. According to the Space speech of Stepn Co-Founder, a key step from 0 to 1 was winning at the Solana hackathon, which boosted team morale and obtained initial resources.

Currently, many public chains and exchanges are hosting hackathon events, and some public chains and exchanges are even collaborating to jointly incubate projects. This provides a great opportunity for industry development and excellent projects.

In conclusion: The focus of this article is on clarifying the concept of the full-chain game and presenting a panoramic view of the value chain, aiming to provide readers with a clearer understanding of the various aspects of the full-chain game industry. Subsequent articles in the PSE Trading series will explore full-chain games in more detail from different perspectives.

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Full-chain games: Exploring the basic concepts, significance, and breakdown of the value chain of Web2 and Web3 games.