B² Hub Evolution: Driven by Pulsar, making blockchain transactions as fast as Web2

B² Hub: AI Native Consensus and Infrastructure on Bitcoin

B² Hub is the 1.5 layer consensus and governance layer of B² Network—an infrastructure anchored on Bitcoin that integrates signal proof (PoSg consensus), U 2 stablecoin settlement, and native AI Agents. By re-releasing the potential of Bitcoin, B² Hub can efficiently support DeFi, gaming, enterprise-level applications, especially AI-driven diversified scenarios.

Why is B² Hub so important?

Security anchored in Bitcoin: All state roots, validator sets, and signal witnesses are regularly submitted to Bitcoin via Taproot, ensuring top-notch tamper resistance and trusted timestamps.
AI native consensus (PoSg): The voting power of validators is based not only on staking but also on delegated signals from SLM nodes and AI Agents, weighted according to actual usage and reputation, making AI a core participant in on-chain governance.
Signal-driven infrastructure: With Signal Registry, Signal Pay, and Signal Attest, developers can directly register, monetize, and verify AI/SLM services on-chain, building a truly decentralized on-chain AI market.
Web 2 level performance experience: Relying on Pulsar's pre-confirmation mechanism, blockchain interactions can achieve response speeds comparable to traditional applications.

In summary: B² Hub upgrades Bitcoin from a "passive settlement layer" to an AI-driven dynamic infrastructure, realizing the fusion of value (BTC + U 2) and intelligence (AI/SLM signals), pioneering a new consensus mechanism and application paradigm.

Understanding Pulsar: The Stellar Engine Behind B² Hub

Pulsar is the next-generation blockchain implementation driving B² Hub, integrating Bitcoin anchoring, AI native consensus, and Web 2 level responsiveness. Its name is inspired by pulsars—the most precise timers in the universe (neutron stars).

Why is it called "Pulsar"?

Just as pulsars emit predictable periodic signals in the universe, Pulsar will bring:

Deterministic timing: Achieving ultra-stable block production through pre-confirmed transactions, reaching millisecond-level responses before final confirmation.
Signal-driven consensus: Based on PoSg (signal proof + proof of stake), AI agents and SLM nodes broadcast signals, participating in governance and influencing validator voting power.
Outstanding performance: Throughput and latency achieve "astronomical" improvements, making DeFi, gaming, and AI workflows comparable to Web 2 applications.
Precise periodicity: Transaction flows and signal witnesses arrive predictably and rhythmically like pulsar signals, ensuring the reliability of financial and AI operations.

In short: Pulsar is the precise signal engine that makes B² Hub faster, smarter, and anchored on Bitcoin.

In the Internet age, a second is too long

Imagine this scenario: you're shopping on Amazon, click "Buy Now," and the page spins for 3 seconds before showing success. Or when using Apple Pay or Google Pay, you have to wait 2–3 seconds to see the result. Does this experience make you anxious?

However, this is the real experience of most blockchain applications today.

Traditional Internet (Web 2): Click and respond, millisecond-level feedback
Blockchain (Web 3): Wait 2–3 seconds or even longer after submitting a transaction

This experience gap has become one of the key bottlenecks hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain. Now, with the Pulsar implementation and pre-confirmation technology of B² Hub, we can finally make blockchain transaction speeds catch up with Web 2.

Why are blockchain transactions slow?

To understand the value of pre-confirmation, one must first grasp the root causes of blockchain slowness. The traditional transaction process is like mailing a letter:

You put the letter in the mailbox (submit transaction)
Wait for the mailman to pick it up (wait for packaging)
The mailman delivers the letter to the post office (block confirmation)
The recipient finally receives the letter (transaction completed)

The entire process takes seconds to tens of seconds, which is particularly inconvenient in scenarios requiring instant feedback. The fundamental reasons are:

Batch processing mechanism: Transactions are like buses, needing to "fill up" before departing
Consensus time: All nodes must confirm the transaction order
Security first: Multiple confirmations are needed to prevent double-spending attacks

What is pre-confirmation technology?

Pre-confirmation is like adding a "fast lane" to blockchain. The core idea is: since transactions will eventually be executed, why not execute them in advance and provide feedback to the user?

Analogous to ordering in a restaurant:

Traditional model: Order → Waiter records → Kitchen prepares when free → Serve food
Pre-confirmation model: Order → Waiter immediately responds "Received, expected delivery in 15 minutes" → Kitchen prepares in advance → Cooks → Serve food

The actual preparation time remains unchanged, but the user receives instant feedback, greatly enhancing the experience.

How does pre-confirmation achieve millisecond-level responses?

Technical principle: Three-layer architecture supports millisecond-level responses

To achieve pre-confirmation, Pulsar employs a three-layer architecture:

1. Interface layer is responsible for detecting whether transactions support pre-execution and providing optimization hints.

type PreExecutableMsg interface {

IsPreExecutable() bool // Check if pre-execution is supported

GetPreExecutionHints() *Hints // Get pre-execution optimization hints

}

2. Execution layer includes cache (LRU strategy), transaction sequencer, and versioned state storage, ensuring transactions can be quickly pre-executed.

type PreExecutionManager struct {

cache *LRUCache // LRU caching strategy

sequencer *TxSequencer // Transaction sequencer

stateStore *VersionedStore // Versioned state storage

}

3. Storage layer uses MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) technology, generating independent state snapshots for each pre-execution, supporting O(1) level fast rollback;

Based on this architecture, Pulsar achieves three major innovations:

Instant pre-execution: Once a transaction is received by a node, it is executed immediately, providing feedback within 100–200 milliseconds.
Smart caching: Execution results are cached and reused directly during packaging, avoiding redundant calculations.
State snapshots: Using multi-version storage, each pre-execution generates an independent snapshot that can be rolled back at any time without compromising security.

This mechanism is not only a technical breakthrough but also directly improves user experience:

On-chain game operations respond in real-time, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted battle rhythms
DeFi transactions display results instantly, allowing quick market opportunities
NFT purchases are nearly instantaneous, eliminating missed opportunities due to delays
DAO voting updates progress in real-time, enhancing community engagement

How is security ensured?

Speeding up does not mean sacrificing security. Pulsar has built-in four layers of protection:

Serial execution: All transactions are processed in order, eliminating concurrent conflicts
Validator endorsement: Only trusted validating nodes can execute pre-confirmations, and results require multi-party signatures; malicious nodes will be penalized
Automatic rollback: Pre-execution failures immediately roll back, not affecting on-chain state
Final confirmation: Pre-confirmation only provides quick feedback; final confirmation is still completed by on-chain consensus, ensuring asset security through a dual-layer mechanism

The security module also includes:

1. Transaction order assurance mechanism: Ensures strict correspondence between transaction hashes and sequence numbers.

type PreExecutionSequence struct {

baseHeight int64 // Base block height

sequences map[string]uint32 // Mapping from transaction hash to sequence number

orderedTxs []string // Sorted transaction list

}

2. State isolation and rollback: Ensures atomicity through copy-on-write and Merkle proofs, either fully succeeding or fully rolling back.

Copy-on-Write strategy: Pre-execution uses independent state copies
Merkle Proofs: Each pre-execution result has a corresponding state root hash
Atomicity guarantee: Either all succeed or all roll back

3. Anti-malicious mechanisms: Including staking penalties, reputation systems, and threshold signatures to ensure overall network health.

Staking penalties: Validator nodes must stake; malicious actions will be penalized
Reputation system: Tracks the pre-execution success rate of each validating node
Threshold signatures: Require agreement from more than 2/3 of validating nodes to take effect

Performance testing data

In a stress test of 1 million transactions, Pulsar performed excellently:

Technical workflow: 200 milliseconds of ultra-fast experience

We use a simple example to illustrate the entire process:

Taking Alice's transaction as an example:

The transaction enters the CheckTx phase.
The system creates a state snapshot.
Pre-execution occurs in an isolated environment.
The execution result is cached and returned immediately. In just 200 milliseconds, she receives feedback of "pre-confirmation."

Subsequently, during block packaging, the system directly reuses the cached results without redundant calculations. This dual mechanism of "instant feedback + final confirmation" provides an almost real-time user experience while ensuring Bitcoin-level security.

Higher Value: Experience is Money

Pre-confirmation not only enhances technical parameters but also directly creates user value:

Traders can capture rapidly changing market opportunities.
Players enjoy a seamless combat experience without delays.
Regular users say goodbye to waiting anxiety.
Developers can build more real-time interactive applications, from social networking to gaming, exploring new possibilities.

Blockchain applications are now truly approaching the smooth experience of WhatsApp.

Which operations are suitable for pre-confirmation?

Suitable for pre-confirmation

Simple transfers: Regular transfers with sufficient balance.
Voting operations: Governance votes, community decisions.
Query operations: Balance inquiries, state reads.
Game actions: Movement, attacks, collection, etc.
Social interactions: Likes, comments, follows.

Not suitable for pre-confirmation

Large transactions: Require more security confirmations.
Contract deployments: Complex operations need caution.
System upgrades: Critical operations cannot afford failure.

Real Application Cases

In reality, pre-confirmation is not just a cold technical parameter but an engine that can significantly change user experience.

On a decentralized exchange, Alice selects a trading pair, inputs the amount, and clicks "Trade." After 0.2 seconds, she sees the "Trade Successful" prompt and can immediately proceed to the next operation.
In a blockchain game, Bob initiates an attack command, and after 0.1 seconds, he sees the damage value, allowing skills to be released in succession, making the entire combat process smooth and fluid.
In DAO governance, team members cast support or opposition votes, and the interface immediately displays "Vote Recorded," with voting progress refreshing in real-time, making community interaction more vibrant.

This almost "instant" feedback is the revolutionary change brought by Pulsar: the interactive experience is no longer disrupted by waiting but flows as naturally as traditional applications.

Roadmap: The Future of B² Hub and Pulsar

Pulsar is just the beginning. Next, B² Hub will achieve:

Sub-millisecond response: Optimizing pre-confirmation delays to data center-level performance.
Bitcoin native integration: Using commitments submitted to Bitcoin to ensure network security.
Cross-chain acceleration: Providing real-time feedback for cross-chain transactions between Bitcoin and B² Hub.
AI-driven predictions: Anticipating user behavior and proactively preparing for transactions.
Enterprise-level API: Custom interfaces tailored for institutions, HFT, and mission-critical systems.
Quantum-resistant security: Future-proof cryptography to withstand next-generation threats.

Summary: The Paradigm Shift Brought by Pulsar

B² Hub and Pulsar reshape the user experience of blockchain through signal-driven consensus and pre-confirmation technology, achieving:

Millisecond-level responses for Bitcoin layer two transactions.
Providing Web 2 level performance experience while maintaining Bitcoin-level security.
Application experiences indistinguishable from traditional apps.
Removing the last barriers to mainstream blockchain applications.
Unlocking the full potential of Bitcoin in enterprise and consumer-level AI economies.

From now on, B² Network will no longer make you wait. Every interaction on B² Hub is nearly instantaneous—you might even forget you are operating on Bitcoin.

Pulsar makes the power of Bitcoin "invisible," ensuring every interaction is "perfect."

FAQ: Points You May Be Concerned About Regarding Pulsar

Q: Does pre-confirmation equal final confirmation?

A: No. Pre-confirmation allows you to receive feedback within 100–200 milliseconds, but final confirmation still goes through on-chain consensus. For users, the experience is almost equivalent to "instant confirmation," while the security of funds is still guaranteed by Bitcoin-level settlement.

Q: What if pre-confirmation passes but final confirmation fails?

A: This situation is extremely rare (less than 0.1%). If it occurs, the system will automatically roll back to the previous state and notify the user. Assets remain secure at all times.

Q: Can all blockchains implement pre-confirmation?

A: Not necessarily. To achieve this, advanced underlying designs are required, such as versioned storage and signal-driven consensus. B² Hub's Pulsar is built from the ground up for pre-confirmation.

Q: Will using pre-confirmation be more expensive?

A: No. Pre-confirmation is a performance optimization, not a cost increase. The efficiency improvement actually reduces overall operational costs, allowing users to enjoy a faster experience at potentially lower fees.

Q: Why is it called "Pulsar"?

A: Pulsars are the most precise clocks in the universe, emitting signals at a constant frequency. The name of the Pulsar blockchain reflects this meaning: driven by signals to achieve consensus, providing consistent and predictable performance rhythms.

Q: Do developers need to make significant code modifications to integrate?

A: Almost none. In most scenarios, only a flag needs to be added to enable pre-confirmation. B² Hub maintains compatibility with existing development tools for Bitcoin and Ethereum.

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