For parallel chains that require higher throughput than the current Polkadot protocol allows, elastic scalability is a very useful supplement.

Polkadot's mission is to provide a platform focused on excellent scalability and security. Its goal is to enable decentralized applications to run under the best conditions possible.

Polkadot achieves scalability through a layered architecture. Each parallel chain can submit a block to the relay chain, which provides shared security for all parallel chains. The relay chain can support up to 300 parallel chains.

Polkadot's layered architecture allows parallel chain projects to integrate resources and have strong security support, almost eliminating the threat of attacks. If each parallel chain runs security measures on its own blockchain, these security resources will be divided, making attacks lower in cost and easier to implement.

Elastic scalability is just one of several exciting changes proposed by Polkadot, opening up more possibilities for greater adoption within the ecosystem.

Expanding Parallel Chains to Multiple Cores

An important aspect of elastic scalability is allowing parallel chains to generate and validate multiple blocks for each relay chain block. These parallel chain blocks can still be constructed sequentially, but the relay chain will process them in parallel.

Polkadot can simultaneously validate multiple parallel chain blocks. The resources and time used to validate parallel chain blocks on the relay chain are referred to as "cores," similar to the concept previously referred to as "slots."

Therefore, if the relay chain can validate 50 parallel chain blocks at once, it is said to have 50 cores, just as a processor with 50 cores can execute 50 threads simultaneously. In this way, parallel chains can obtain multiple cores to execute, allowing high-throughput parallel chains to process transactions more quickly.

Core Tasks: A New Model

Polkadot's established model is that potential projects apply for slots by participating in auctions. Winning projects in the auction become parallel chains. The auction determines how many tokens need to be locked. In the single-core model, this means a lease period between six months and two years.

The already implemented Agile Coretime has changed this model, as it allows for more flexible allocation of cores. "Coretime" refers to the right to use a core on the relay chain. The new change will allow the purchase of one or more cores for shorter periods, such as one month, one hour, or even one block, through on-chain or secondary market purchases.

Elastic Scalability: Enabling Additional Cores

Each parallel chain having multiple cores and Agile Coretime, together, facilitate the implementation of elastic scalability. Through this development, parallel chains can rent additional cores for short periods, helping them validate blocks at a faster pace and execute more transactions. Elastic scalability is beneficial for various entities in the blockchain field. For example, service providers can offer services to more clients (application developers), helping them increase revenue and expand their influence.

Many applications with unpredictable core time demands will also benefit from elastic scalability. They only need to purchase the required core time at specific times to save costs, without having to choose between high costs and low performance.

In the early stages of release, applications may have only a few users. Clearly, excellent applications will gradually increase their user base over time. Elastic scalability allows them to purchase more core time as needed based on user growth.

It is difficult for a project to estimate how much core time it will need on its future roadmap. If a service only offers rigid scalability, these projects either have to purchase a large amount of core time from the beginning (and find funds to pay for it), or they may end up providing slow services once they become popular, potentially losing end users.

Cost-Effective Expansion

Many applications tend to purchase more core time than they actually need, which not only raises prices for all parties but also increases the entry barrier for application developers. Elastic scalability allows them to pay for core time only when needed, reducing costs for everyone. Additionally, through the possible introduction of a secondary market with Agile Coretime, projects will be able to resell core time they do not need in the future.

Comparison with Other Scalability Models

So far, Web3 projects in the form of "roll-up," typically based on Ethereum's Layer-2 operations, have addressed scalability issues. However, these projects themselves have drawbacks, either running in a less secure manner (such as "optimistic" roll-up) or requiring a significant amount of computation on nodes according to the "zero-knowledge" model.

This situation arises because in roll-up, block execution is delegated to a set of validators outside the chain. Therefore, most of the computation and storage is done off-chain.

What Else Can We Expect?

As outlined by Gavin Wood last week in Dubai, CoreJAM is a more profound and comprehensive extension of Polkadot's core model than Agile Coretime or elastic scalability alone (although both can integrate well into the CoreJAM model).

In addition, Polkadot can verify more chains. Currently, there is a limitation on smart contracts on parallel chains, where on-chain contract calls are synchronous and fast, while cross-chain calls are slower and asynchronous. This leads to a difficult choice: which chain to choose and which contracts are easy to interoperate. The CorePlay concept is a possible extension of CoreJAM, proposing that the same smart contract can be scheduled with different smart contracts when the need for faster calls allows.

Over the coming months and years, Polkadot plans to achieve the highest scalability and security within the interconnected network, driving a new wave of Web3 adoption—and the technology will be ready to attract attention.

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