Trump is imposing new tariffs on Canadian export goods based on a legal provision that has not been invoked since its enactment in 1930. The new tariffs are based on Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930, which targets 'discriminatory measures by foreign countries,' referring to any actions by trade partners that place 'American commerce at a disadvantage.' Simon Lester, a researcher at Rice University, stated that Trump's executive proclamation has explicitly determined the basis for such actions by Canada, making it 'quite difficult to successfully challenge in U.S. courts.' The executive proclamation claims that Canada has disadvantaged the U.S. primarily through three measures: prohibiting the import and sale of U.S. alcoholic beverages in eight Canadian provinces; restricting U.S. dairy products from entering the Canadian market; and limiting the export of certain U.S. automobiles to Canada. According to the proclamation, the new tariffs will officially take effect on August 19. However, Nicolas Lamp, an associate professor of international law at Queen's University in Canada, believes these tariffs are more of a negotiation tactic aimed at weakening Canada's bargaining position.