[IBM Collaborates with Signal and Threema to Develop Quantum-Resistant Encrypted Messaging Systems] According to Decrypt, IBM researchers are working with Signal and Threema to design messaging systems capable of resisting quantum attacks. Cryptography researcher Ethan Heilman pointed out that due to the possibility of 'store now, decrypt later' attacks, encrypted messaging platforms face more immediate quantum risks than Bitcoin—attackers can intercept and store encrypted data now, then decrypt it once quantum computers become mature in the future. Signal has already introduced the PQXDH upgrade in 2023 to protect new sessions, and by 2025, it will extend post-quantum protection to ongoing messages, calls, and media through the SPQR protocol upgrade. Threema is collaborating with IBM to explore integrating the NIST-standardized ML-KEM algorithm into its systems. The research also focuses on protecting metadata, but simply replacing existing components could lead to significant bandwidth increases, requiring a redesign of protocols from the ground up.