Vitalik proposes multiple solutions to address Ethereum block-building centralization risks Vitalik Buterin published an article systematically analyzing the centralization risks in Ethereum's block-building pipeline and potential solutions. The upcoming Glamsterdam upgrade will introduce ePBS (in-protocol proposer-builder separation), allowing proposers to outsource block-building rights to a permissionless open market, preventing builder centralization from escalating into staking centralization. However, Vitalik pointed out that ePBS alone does not resolve centralization at the builder level—where a few participants capable of optimizing transaction ordering could still dominate block building. To address this, he proposed three solutions: Big FOCIL: Expanding the soon-to-be-launched FOCIL mechanism to cover all transactions within a block, compressing the builder's role to only handling MEV-related transactions and state computation, thereby commoditizing builders. Encrypted mempools: Encrypting transactions until they are included in a block, fundamentally eliminating the space for toxic MEV activities like sandwich attacks and front-running. Anonymizing the transaction entry layer: Highlighting that the network transmission phase, from users submitting transactions to them being included on-chain, also poses privacy risks. Tools like Tor and Flashnet should be introduced for protection. The Ethereum Foundation's Kohaku privacy project has already shown interest in this area.