Malicious MEV becomes a difficult problem for Ethereum, causing monthly user losses exceeding $2 million

Research shows that due to the visibility of transactions before execution, robots and validators can engage in preemptive, pincer, and reordering transactions, resulting in approximately 2000 pincer attacks per day and users losing over $2 million per month. Mempool encryption is one of the mitigation paths, but early designs had data leakage issues. Flash Freezing Flash Boys (F3B) proposed a new method for encrypting each transaction, which can maintain transaction privacy until final confirmation, but has not yet been deployed due to the complexity of the execution layer. （Cointelegraph）