No matter the motivation, Vitalik has stayed true to his original vision since establishing the rollup-centric roadmap in 2020, and has objectively achieved a highly leveraged strategic outcome: by fostering a competitive L2 market, the cost of scaling research and development has been effectively externalized. The EF (Ethereum Foundation) didn’t need to directly invest massive funds; simply by setting standards, it guided over 10 L2 teams to independently bear the full engineering and operational costs. While the EF delivered foundational support like EIP-4844, the most expensive execution layer R&D expenses and trial-and-error risks in scaling have been shouldered by the L2 ecosystem. This strategic decoupling allows Ethereum to shed outdated technical narratives at any time, retaining maximum flexibility for protocol evolution without being tied to any single execution path.