Two major Ethereum upgrades are set for 2025: Pectra and Fusaka, both of which are considered successfully completed. In 2026, Ethereum's pace remains intense, with plans for two significant upgrades (hard forks): Glamsterdam (around mid-year) and Heze-Bogota (around the end of the year). These upgrades aim to further improve Ethereum's TPS, privacy, and security. The Glamsterdam upgrade is designed to make Ethereum faster and cheaper, focusing on several key areas: parallel processing, increasing gas limits, and ZK proof verification. Parallel processing means that Ethereum, which currently operates like a single-lane road processing transactions one by one (causing traffic jams), will transition to a multi-lane system that can handle multiple transactions simultaneously. This will significantly boost Ethereum's speed. Increasing gas limits: Gas is the "fuel fee" for transactions. Currently, each block has a limit of 60 million units. After the upgrade, this could be raised to 200 million (or even 300 million), allowing more transactions to fit into a single block. ZK proof verification: Previously, validators had to repeatedly re-run all transactions to check for errors. With ZK proofs, results can be directly verified, saving time, effort, and money while improving efficiency. With parallel processing + increased gas limits + ZK proof verification, if the 2026 upgrades are completed as planned (this is a crucial assumption), Ethereum L1 could gradually achieve the goal of 10,000 TPS. Combined with the continued expansion of blobs (potentially reaching 72 or more), L2 TPS will also see a significant increase. After the 2026 upgrades, Ethereum's ecosystem performance should be able to support a wide range of current application scenarios. The Heze-Bogota upgrade focuses on addressing privacy and security shortcomings. For example, introducing Fork-Choice Inclusion Lists (FOCIL), a mechanism that allows multiple validators to collectively force certain transactions into blocks. This ensures that even if malicious actors on the network attempt censorship, transactions can still go through, enhancing resistance to suppression. It will also strengthen privacy protection, making transaction details harder for others to snoop on, potentially through better encryption or anonymity technologies. Additionally, it will promote decentralization, reducing reliance on a few large nodes and making the network more distributed and less susceptible to manipulation or attacks. The above is just the current outlook, and the specific implementation may evolve over time. Stay tuned for updates on the progress of these plans.