Lux(λ) |光尘|空灵|GEB
Lux(λ) |光尘|空灵|GEB|May 21, 2025 03:04
The commonly envisioned 'world computer' - a globally distributed platform based on trust that can handle all computing tasks - is an unrealistic assumption. In fact, the future of Web3 will not be its product either. This viewpoint stems from a profound insight into the essence of the Turing machine model: it is incomplete and can only serve as a deterministic computational tool. Even if the performance is infinitely scalable, such 'trusted code machines' only have the ability of tools and cannot build complex and non deterministic systems like the Bitcoin network. The key is that trust does not come from the deterministic, centralized "world computer" itself, but from the emergence of relative adaptation in asymmetric interactions. The boundary of Turing completeness and the necessity of incomputability The definition of 'Turing completeness' has been precisely limited:' Turing completeness is only the computable completeness defined by Turing '. This is the key. The Turing machine and its derivative models can essentially handle problems that can be solved through finite steps and clear rules - that is, "computable" problems. However, many complex phenomena in the real world, especially those involving human behavior, social interaction, game decision-making, emergencies, etc., often cannot be fully formalized into computable problems. To achieve the completeness required for "adaptive complex systems", it is necessary to go beyond this pure "computable completeness" and achieve "(computable+non computable) simultaneous completeness". This means that a truly robust, secure, and self evolving system not only needs to be able to efficiently handle its internal deterministic computations, but also needs to be able to "process" or "adapt" in some way to those "uncomputable" parts that cannot be fully formalized or pre exhausted. Exploration direction of "uncomputable": Asymmetric interaction of P/NP Point the exploration direction of 'uncomputable' towards asymmetric interactions in P/NP problems. In cryptography, public key cryptography (asymmetric encryption) utilizes this computational asymmetry: encryption is easy (P problem), decryption is only easy with knowledge of the private key, and it is extremely difficult without knowledge of the private key (NP problem). This' difficult to calculate 'characteristic is the foundation for ensuring security. In a complex system, this' uncomputable 'property is manifested through asymmetric interactions. The cost of attacking a system (which may involve solving an 'uncomputable' problem) is much higher than the cost of normal use and validation (solving a 'computable' problem). It is precisely this computational asymmetry that provides important guarantees for the security and reliability of the system. Bitcoin: The First Artificial "(computable+non computable) Complete" System Describing Bitcoin as "the first artificial adaptive system that satisfies (computable+non computable) completeness" provides a new theoretical explanation for the success of Bitcoin. • computable part: The core operations of Bitcoin, such as transaction verification, hashing, and block propagation, are all based on rigorous and predictable algorithms, making them typical "computable" tasks. • Non computable parts (reflected through P/NP asymmetric interactions): The emergence of the longest chain: The formation of Bitcoin's longest chain is not purely a calculation result, but a product of miners' game in P/NP asymmetric interactions. Finding a valid hash value is an "uncomputable" problem (NP problem), while verifying its correctness is a "computable" problem (P problem). The competition for computing power, strategic choices, and expectations for future rewards among miners all contain elements of "non computability", ultimately leading to the consensus of the longest chain. UTXO and human-computer interaction: The UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) model of Bitcoin also reflects the asymmetry of P/NP and is closely related to human-computer interaction. Generating a new UTXO (i.e. initiating a transaction) involves digital signature and other operations, which are relatively complex, while verifying the validity of the UTXO is relatively simple. Users interact with UTXO through tools such as wallets, and this interaction itself contains "incalculable" factors, such as users' subjective decisions, risk preferences, etc. look into the future Therefore, if a "world computer" model cannot generate or effectively handle the "uncomputable" characteristics brought about by asymmetric interactions within it, it cannot truly construct the Bitcoin network, nor can it claim the universality of its theory. The success of Bitcoin lies in its ability to surpass the computational boundaries of traditional Turing machines, cleverly blending computability and non computability, achieving true security and adaptability. http://Geb.network The concepts of "adaptive completeness" and "relative agreement of asymmetric interaction" proposed provide important theoretical frameworks for understanding the socio technical properties of blockchain. This helps to better design and evaluate future cryptocurrencies and Web3 applications, enabling them to truly solve real-world problems and achieve implementation.
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