Solana is preparing for one of its most significant upgrades.

Alpenglow is a consensus overhaul replacing both Tower BFT and Proof of History (PoH) to achieve sub-second finality.

The upgrade introduces two new protocol components.

Votor replaces Tower BFT's incremental voting rounds with a lightweight vote aggregation model. Validators can aggregate votes offchain before committing to finality, allowing blocks to be finalized in one or two confirmation rounds rather than multiple chained rounds.

This pushes theoretical finality down to the 100–150 millisecond range (a ~100x reduction from its original 12.8 seconds).

Votor achieves this through two concurrent finalization paths.

Fast Finalization triggers when a proposed block gains 80% or more of total stake approval in the first voting round and finalizes immediately.

Slow Finalization kicks in when the first round reaches 60-80%, requiring a second round to exceed 60% before the block is finalized. Both paths operate in parallel, ensuring finality is achieved even under partial network participation.

Rotor reworks Solana's block propagation layer. The original Turbine gossip network relied on multihop relays with variable latency. Rotor introduces stake weighted relay paths that prioritize bandwidth efficient propagation, meaning high stake validators with reliable bandwidth become key relay points.

In simulation, block propagation can occur in as little as 18 milliseconds under typical bandwidth conditions.

The upgrade is expected to roll out gradually, with initial activation anticipated in early to mid 2026.

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