Written by: Max Wang @IOSG
In the past few months of 2025, the on-chain TCG (Trading Card Game) scene has gained significant attention. Off-chain, particularly since 2019, the popularity of TCGs has rapidly increased—however, few people know that TCGs have existed for over 50 years, and the ecosystem is actually quite mature, comparable in scale to the sneaker/watch market. This article aims to introduce the latest developments in the TCG field, early startups in the sector, and their respective scales, with the goal of providing readers with a better perspective on the development of the on-chain card market.
Key Points/TLDR;
TCG is a true asset class, not just a short-term trend.
The global TCG market has reached a scale of $8-10 billion, comparable to sneakers and below watches, with an annual compound growth rate of about 8%, and over 25 years of cultural depth (Pokémon, MTG, Yu-Gi-Oh).
The on-chain TCG market structure is skewed, driven by the gray market.
The supply flow goes from publishers → distributors → big box/traditional stores → gray market → retail. True collectors rarely interact with MSRP; over 50% of quantity/price discovery occurs in the gray market, driving up the cost of card breaking.
Card grading is a massive, centralized "picking and shoveling" business.
About 1.5 million items per month, approximately 18 million items per year, with an average price of about $40: this is an industry worth about $720 million annually, with PSA holding about 77% market share.
About 65% of grading volume is TCG, while encapsulated card grading is a financialization layer that transforms cards into tradable "assets."
The market size of sealed packs/products dwarfs Gacha (card draw).
Just for Pokémon: about 10 billion cards → about 1 billion packs/year, with an average pack price of about $15 → about $15 billion in sealed pack sales, while the overall Gacha market is about $800 billion. Gacha is booming in CT; however, for the TCG field, sealed products are the real economic stronghold.
Targeting hardcore fans/TCG collectors, who are more dedicated and sticky than Gacha players.
Hardcore fans/TCG collectors (the consumer group of rip.fun) are willing to accept digital assets and have significant spending power.
Spent $1.3 billion on digital versions of Pokémon packs with no monetary value.
$3 billion GMV (users purchase packs from streamers, who open the packs for them, even with significant trust issues, rip.fun can resolve).
Direct statements from leading participants in the Gacha field (Collector Crypt, Beezie) show they do not intend to enter the sealed product/live unpacking market.
Opportunity: Build infrastructure, not just another "casino."
We believe the biggest growth potential lies in
Access tracks (fair on-chain distribution, fragmented asset ownership, live unpacking at prices close to MSRP),
Liquidity tracks (vaults, tokenization, MM/AMM layer for segments/sealed products), and
Derivatives/credit (perps, indices, options, TCG collateral lending).
On-chain TCG is mainly divided into four verticals:
Gacha card draw platforms (Courtyard, Collector Crypt, Phygitals): unofficial TCG packs built from secondary market segments. The annual GMV of the three major platforms has reached about $750-820 million, with a net profit margin of about 10%, 80/20 coming from gamblers and fans.
Digital encapsulation/live unpacking platforms: sealing and unpacking official SKUs (packs, ETBs, boxes) through card management and grading processes, serving hardcore fans/collectors. Labor-intensive, but with higher ARPU and stickiness.
Currency markets: using tokenized segments/sealed packs as collateral, allowing collectors/stores to borrow money instead of selling cards directly; PocketDex is naturally suited as a front-end interface for "portfolio and risk management," seamlessly integrating with lending infrastructure.
Perp markets: synthetic risk exposure of TCG indices/sets; Trove is the current leading case, offering Pokémon indices and CS2 skins perps for hedging and speculation.
I. Background and Introduction
First, what is TCG? TCG (Trading Card Games) is a collectible card game where players compete against each other by building and customizing their own decks. Players obtain new cards through packs containing random types of cards or by trading with other players. However, beyond being a competitive game, TCG cards have also become collectibles due to their limited nature, similar to artworks.
Some popular TCG games include:
Pokémon TCG - 1996
Yu-Gi-Oh TCG - 1996
Magic: The Gathering - 1993
From the scale of the TCG market, TCGs are comparable in market size to other popular collectibles in the market.
Currently, most reports estimate the annual sales of the TCG market to be between $8 billion and $10 billion, with an expected annual compound growth rate of 7.8%.
II. TCG Market Structure and Landscape
Currently, the TCG market can be divided into off-chain TCG experiences and on-chain + digital TCG experiences, each with different participants. Clearly, the non-chain market is more mature, but the on-chain digital TCG environment is also rapidly gaining popularity. From any perspective, every segment of the entire TCG market has reached historical highs.
Off-chain
Bottom-up perspective:
TCG publishers/factories
Distributors
Stores
TCG official retailers
Secondary market stores
Distributors/gray market
Retail
Grading companies
The current process is roughly as follows. TCG publishers/factories produce official packaging and sealed products, which are then handed over to distributors. Distributors allocate them to stores/TCG official retailers, such as Walmart, Target, or small vendors. However, due to the enormous demand and popularity of these products, they are often bought in bulk by scalpers and then sold at high prices to true collectors/retailers.
Pokémon TCG Sealed Pack
Store > Distributor Relationship
Regarding the relationship between stores and distributors, new individual stores find it challenging to obtain any meaningful allocation from distributors due to the astonishing demand. Most products flow to large corporations like Target/Walmart or well-established stores with good relationships, with only a few products reaching small stores. Therefore, many small stores source from larger stores that have better distributor allocations, such as
Store A receives an allocation of 5,000 packs per month from the distributor
Store B has 100 packs
Store A buys 5,000 packs from the distributor at MSRP
Store B buys 2,500 packs from Store A at 15%+ MSRP
Store B sells to scalpers/retailers at 50% of the suggested retail price
Additionally, it is important to distinguish between types of stores. Large stores like Walmart/Target sell to the market at MSRP. However, there are also examples like Store A and Store B, which are individual brands with distributor quotas, selling to the market at a markup of 10%-50%. Generally, true retail collectors find it nearly impossible to obtain sealed products directly from Target/Walmart; they often have to seek out these small stores or acquire products entirely through gray channels.
Gray Market
The gray market itself accounts for 50% of the TCG market, with some believing it may even exceed the sales of the primary market. This part of the market mainly includes scalpers, eBay sellers, Whatnot/live breakers, Facebook/Discord sellers, and informal Telegram/Instagram networks, which exist between official stores and true end collectors.
Gray market participants typically do not source products from distributors but obtain them through the following channels:
Big box retail (restocking events at Target/Walmart, store-hopping activities, etc.)
Allocation stores like Store A, which sell some allocated products at a markup
Liquidating collectors/stores that need to cash out quickly and are willing to accept discounts
Then, gray market participants repackage and resell products in various ways:
Selling sealed boxes/ETBs/booster boxes at high prices
Splitting packs on platforms like Whatnot (purchasing partial packs instead of whole boxes, usually implying a high markup)
Grading and flipping individual games on eBay/TCGplayer, or consigning to large sellers
Gacha S-level collectors
Since true retailers cannot reliably obtain MSRP products, the gray market has effectively become the core venue for price discovery. Distributors and big box stores nominally sell at market prices, but most of the economic surplus is captured by intermediaries from the secondary market premiums obtained from retail collectors. This also means that for hot-selling products, the effective price is determined by the clearing price in the gray market, rather than the official suggested retail price of Pokémon. Therefore, this exerts significant upward price pressure on the entire TCG industry.
▲ Pokémon Market Index
Increased by 21.3% in 3 months, approximately 250% in a year and a half.
Grading
Grading companies are at the top of the entire off-chain TCG industry. They rarely interact directly with sealed products or distributor-allocated products; instead, they receive raw items from stores, card breakers, and collectors, converting them into segments with standardized condition grades.
The main grading companies include:
The average pricing range for grading items is:
Card grades range from 1 to 10, with 10 being mint condition, which significantly impacts the card's value. For example, an ungraded original card is worth $100, but if sent for grading and receives a PSA 10, it can be valued at $2,000. Therefore, the vast majority of collectors and live breakers choose to send high-value cards for grading.
▲ Ungraded Cards vs. Graded Cards (Slabs)
Here we can see the number of cards graded monthly by the five major grading companies. Since 2021, the average monthly grading projects have steadily increased year by year, more than doubling from the beginning to the end.
▲
Approximately 1.5 million items per month
Without considering growth factors, about 18 million items per year
Approximately $40 per item
An industry worth $720 million annually is dominated by four companies, with over 65% of the grading volume coming from TCG alone.
As for the market share breakdown, PSA is clearly the leader:
PSA: ~77.5%
CGC: ~11.1%
SGC: ~8.8%
Beckett: ~2.7%
III. On-chain + Digital TCG
Now let's take a look at the market landscape of on-chain + digital TCG, which can be divided into the following categories:
Gacha platforms
Sealed card packs / live unpacking and card management platforms
Currency markets (lending markets)
Perpetual contract markets
Gacha Platforms
Clearly, considering the inherent connection between Gacha platforms and cryptocurrency, Gacha platforms have been a focal point in CT. So, what is a Gacha machine?
Generally, Gacha machines are unofficial products curated by third parties (Courtyard, Beezie, etc.). Gacha platforms select cards from the secondary/gray market, purchase inventory, and curate unofficial card packs from them.
However, the core of Gacha is the random allocation of items at a fixed price. The term originates from Japan's capsule toy vending machines: insert a coin, twist the knob, and randomly receive a toy from a known pool. In terms of TCG, when you pull from a Gacha platform, the platform randomly returns graded cards.
You need to pay a fixed amount (e.g., $3 each time)
Draw one or more cards from a predetermined card pool
The card pool has different rarity levels and probabilities (common/rare/super rare)
The entire economy revolves around chasing specific rare cards or multiple pulls
Thus, the pricing for each draw on Gacha platforms is based on the EV mechanism:
Item i = 1 … n
Drop probability $P_i (summing to 1)
Secondary market fair value $V_i (actual selling price after fees)
Price per pull/platform fee $P
Then, the expected value for a user pulling once is
Therefore, the overall goal of the platform is
And the house edge (platform profit margin)
Essentially represents the profit the platform makes for each Gacha draw.
Users chasing a specific card/trying to hit a premium card contribute most of the EV.
The EV of common/rare cards is nearly zero.
The retail price per pack is set above its resale value weighted by the probability of the built-in cards.
We received some insights from Beezie / Collector Crypt:
"The net profit margin for most Gacha platforms is about 10% of the total expenditure on Gacha machines. The reason is that we usually buy cards in bulk from gray market stores at 90% of market price, and then use this inventory for our Gacha machines."
About Traffic
# Consumers
Players deposit dollars/cryptocurrency
Choose and purchase the Gacha card pack they want to open
Sell the received cards back to the platform at 90% of their market value or exchange for physical cards
If exchanged, receive physical cards
# Platform
Purchase cards at discounted prices from gray market traders or the market
Curate Gacha card packs and calculate pack prices based on EV
Buy back cards from consumers or send cards to consumers (if it's a physical exchange)
Repeat
So what is most important for Gacha platforms?
The ability to consistently obtain a supply of graded cards below market price
The ability to create +EV Gacha machines that keep players willing to "gamble"
Overall, the major players in this field can be categorized as follows:
Courtyard.io
Users ~250k
Total expenditure on the platform (YTD): ~about $536.5 million
Gross profit: ~53.6 million dollars
Collector Crypt ($CARDS)
Users: About 10,000
Total expenditure on the platform (annual): About $150 million
Gross profit: About $21 million
Phygitals
Users: About 20,000
Total expenditure on the platform (annual): About $61 million
Gross profit: About $6.1 million
Thus, the total expenditure of the three giants in the Gacha industry is $747.5 million, surpassing the grading card market that has been indispensable to the industry for the past decade.
Overall, the transaction volume distribution and growth of the entire Gacha industry over the past year are as follows.
IV. Sealed Card Packs/Live Unpacking and Card Management Platforms
Recently, another new vertical has emerged in the on-chain TCG space, which is sealed card packs/live unpacking and card management platforms. So, how do sealed card pack/unpacking platforms differ from Gacha?
Generally speaking, Gacha machines are unofficial products curated by third parties, while sealed products are officially printed products by publishers (such as Pokémon, MTG, etc.). They are usually limited in quantity, and in Pokémon, there are typically these standardized products:
Single Packs (10 cards per pack)
Booster Boxes (36 packs)
Elite Trainer Boxes
Tins
Boxes
Therefore, sealed card pack/live unpacking platforms sell TCG official products, rather than synthetic prize pools like Gacha. In principle, when you purchase a sealed card pack or Elite Trainer Box, you are buying the original factory-configured cards and hit rates designed by Pokémon or MTG. The platform's role is to procure and store these sealed products, match them with buyers, and unpack them on demand, rather than remixing the underlying cards into a custom "internally designed" Gacha pool.
Additionally, why do sealed products/live unpacking products cater more to the needs of super fans?
Sealed products are usually limited editions, belonging to specific series with specific production dates.
Collectors and fans chase specific series cards, so they only want to open sealed products.
Collectors/fans want to obtain original card grades, and to get the original cards, they need to open sealed products.
About the Process
# Consumers
Players deposit USDC/cryptocurrency.
Choose the official sealed pack they want to open.
Wait for the platform to unpack and watch the live unpacking.
Sell the received cards back to the platform at 90% MP, exchange for physical cards, or request the platform to send for grading.
If redeemed, receive physical cards/wait for grading to return.
# Platform
Bulk purchase official packaging directly from distributors or other stores with distributor allocations.
List the packaging with a set margin (10%-50%).
Actually open the packaging, store the cards, and manage them.
Buy back original cards from consumers; if redeemed, send them to consumers or send them out for grading.
Repeat.
So, what is truly important for sealed product/live unpacking platforms?
Having stable distributor relationships to obtain sealed products at official pricing (MSRP) or having a network of stores that will provide them with allocations.
Setting up warehouses/infrastructure to effectively manage the unpacking process and prove that these packages are authentic.
Offering sealed products at reasonable prices to attract consumer fans to purchase.
In general, the management costs of these sealed card pack/live unpacking platforms are significantly higher than those of Gacha. While Gacha platforms also need to manage and store cards, they do not have to deal with procuring official card packs (which is a huge capability constraint), actually opening card packs, scanning cards, helping customers send for grading, etc. This incurs substantial operational costs from execution and warehousing.
Quoting Beezie and Collector Crypt directly:
Neither end is interested in entering the sealed pack/live unpacking market.
- When asked very clearly, they said no.
Reasons:
They are not very familiar with this field.
They believe the operational burden is too heavy and do not know how to build the infrastructure.
They lack distributor relationships.
They are vigorously developing more Gacha product lines, shifting towards non-Pokémon TCG products rather than the sealed card pack/live unpacking route. However, this also means that players who can effectively enter this field have a significant moat and can easily dominate the market.
To summarize, the main differentiating factors:
Insights from John @ Cardmint
He is one of the largest buyers and suppliers of grading slabs for companies like Courtyard and Beezie, with monthly transaction volumes reaching millions (former Chainlink engineer).
The distribution of gamblers/true fans in on-chain TCG is 80/20.
However, despite the smaller number of fans, they are more loyal and sticky than gamblers and possess significant spending power.
Consumer Preferences and Demand for Sealed Products
Consumer preferences for Gacha and sealed card packs/live unpacking are also important. Gacha products cater more to the needs of gamblers/Web3 users, who only care about the value of the graded cards they receive, rather than the cards themselves. In contrast, consumers purchasing sealed card packs/live unpacking are more likely to be die-hard fans of specific TCG series. Objectively speaking, there is demand for Gacha, so the main question here is whether there is demand for sealed packs/live unpacking and whether the core TCG fanbase has the spending power/willingness to act as Gacha purchasers.
Some key data:
Pokemon Pocket is an official Pokémon app, a casual digital version of Pokémon TCG. Players spend money to open digital packs, but the cards have no monetary value and cannot be redeemed for anything. They are merely souvenirs.
Year one revenue: $1.3 billion.
18 million packs of cards were opened.
Additionally, Whatnot has generated billions of dollars in GMV. On Whatnot, Pokémon fans pay live streamers to open packs live and send the cards to them.
2024 GMV: $3 billion.
2025 GMV: $6 billion (projected).
Moreover, there are significant trust issues on Whatnot. Sellers on Whatnot often steal cards, weigh packs, or switch cards before sending them to viewers. However, TCG fans are still willing to spend so much money on their platform to obtain sealed card packs.
True core TCG players are not only willing to give up the physical experience of unpacking themselves in favor of digital experiences, but they also demonstrate strong spending power and high engagement with the game. For example, in Pokemon Pocket, those packs have no monetary value at all, yet core fans continue to enthusiastically open them.
Therefore, while on-chain live unpacking caters more to die-hard fans, these die-hard fans have stronger spending power and are more willing to adapt to digital experiences. It is clear that TCG's die-hard fans have a very high demand for general sealed card pack products, whether they are digital or physical.
In terms of market, we also see significant demand drivers.
Pokémon TCG cards sell out at retail stores, and retailers (Walmart, Target, etc.) often have to limit the quantity each person can purchase.
V. Market Size of Gacha vs. Sealed Card Pack Products
The TCG market is not limited to Pokémon, but on most Gacha platforms, Pokémon has almost become the only category available for drawing.
Sealed Products
Pokémon TCG printed 10 billion cards in 2024.
Estimated around 50 million players/buyers.
10 cards per pack → 1.02 billion packs per year.
Approximately $15 per pack (MSRP + gray market mixed pricing).
Annual sales of sealed card packs are approximately $15 billion.
Gacha
The three giants dominate the industry, holding 90% of the market share.
Annual Gacha sales amount to $747.5 million. If adjusted for other players at ~+10%, Gacha will become an $822.5 million industry.
The sealed card pack product industry is far larger than the on-chain Gacha industry.
Currency Market
The currency market is also a field that on-chain TCG has just begun to explore, but logically, once cards are properly digitized and stored in vaults, the currency market will become the next layer. The core idea is simple: to convert slabs and sealed products into collateral, allowing collectors to borrow stablecoins from shops when they need liquidity, without having to sell their collections each time to obtain cash.
In the on-chain TCG currency market, tokenized TCG assets (representing slabs or sealed vault NFTs/ERC-1155) can be deposited into lending protocols, allowing users to borrow USDC or other liquid assets against them. This requires:
(i) Robust floor/index pricing
(ii) Conservative LTV considering reprint risks and pop-report shocks
(iii) Sufficient secondary liquidity to enable liquidators to actually liquidate collateral.
This is precisely where PocketDex can naturally fit within the entire ecosystem: products like PocketDex have already taken on the role of a card database + portfolio management tool, integrating card information, price data, and user collections into one interface. If this view is connected with on-chain custody and lending protocols, PocketDex could effectively become the discovery entry point for the lending market + risk management front-end interface:
Users can view their tokenized collections, real-time valuations, and system-suggested borrowing limits;
One-click access to lending protocols to establish credit lines for specific sealed cards/series;
Repayment, health metrics, and liquidation alerts can all be displayed in their daily-use "collector app."
For collectors, this is like having margin for their collections. For shops and brokers, it acts like a warehouse line backed by inventory, allowing them to smooth cash flow and scale operations.
Derivatives Market
The perpetual market further expands this functionality, allowing people to leverage pure synthetic TCG price long/short trading without touching physical cards. Traders can go long on the "EVSK Box Index Perp" instead of buying and storing an "Evolving Skies" box; traders can trade "Charizard PSA-10 Index Perp" instead of building a massive "Charizard" portfolio.
Trove is the most obvious living example here: it is a decentralized perpetual futures exchange specifically for collectibles, starting with Pokémon card indices and CS2 skins, offering up to ~5x leverage. Trove aggregates pricing data from major markets, builds on-chain indices (like the Pokémon card index, Charizard PSA-10 benchmark), and allows users to go long or short on these indices through perps. In practice, this:
Provides collectors and shops with a way to hedge against the risk of physical/archival inventory declines (when they go long on cards, they can go short on Trove);
Allows traders to express views on sets, eras, or the entire Pokémon market without dealing with grading, shipping, or storage issues;
Establishes an arbitrage loop between physical spot, tokenized spot (courtyard/collector basement/Phygitals), and derivatives.
What is truly important here is index construction and data quality: if Trove (and similar platforms) can become the typical pricing and hedging venue for TCG, then perps can turn cards from illiquid collectibles into tradable macro surfaces. Combined with the currency market, a full trading suite can be realized: hold → borrow → hedge → fully speculate on TCG risks on-chain, with Trove positioned as the derivatives layer above vaults, Gacha platforms, and sealed pack/live unpacking tracks.
VI. Arguments and Observational Perspectives
Overall, it is clear that there is a significant demand driver for off-chain TCG, and we have already seen the atmosphere for on-chain TCG beginning to form. For most people, the value of cryptocurrency to society lies in abstracting the difficulties we see in traditional finance and providing new opportunities to push the frontier of financial technology. In many ways, this mirrors the relationship between off-chain TCG > on-chain TCG, where the latter exists to reduce the friction largely seen by consumers and TCG fans while also providing more use cases, opportunities, and avenues for their hobbies.
We can also infer that this market will continue to exist; its value lies in capturing opportunities that have matured. This is not just a new hobby/market; TCG has gained popularity over the 25 years since its inception, and cards/collectibles have become valuable assets, much like art or NFTs.
Selling for $3 million
Magic the Gathering, Black Lotus - PSA 10
Sold for $5.25 million
Pokémon, Pikachu Illustrator - PSA 10
In summary, there seem to be several interesting angles worth focusing on:
Products that Bridge the Retail Supply > Demand Gap
Currently, there is a severe shortage of demand in retail: distributors allocate most of the supply to whales and well-connected shops, while true collectors are pushed to the gray market, forced to pay exorbitant premiums. On-chain + digitized TCG infrastructure can directly address this issue. Here, access means: providing retailers with a trustworthy, fair way to obtain sealed products or single cards at close to the highest retail prices.
Examples of product directions:
On-chain real-time unpacking platforms where collectors/fans can directly purchase and unpack card packs online, paying only a small fee, while also having the option to redeem physical cards if they wish.
Alleviating retailers' demand for card packs;
Or paying scalpers 2-3 times the markup.
Fragmenting card pack ownership, allowing retail users to purchase a portion of sealed inventory (like 1/36 of a box) at a reasonable price without having to pay an inflated price for an entire box they cannot afford.
Bulk purchasing from distributors/large stores and then repackaging into smaller, fairer fragmented products for global retail, rather than products under relationship networks.
On-chain queueing/lottery/whitelist lists for sealed card products, with allocation limits and transparent odds for each wallet.
These products may not necessarily change the total supply of Pokémon, but they can fundamentally change who can truly access Pokémon cards and at what effective price.
Platforms that Enhance Overall Instant Liquidity in the TCG Market
Most off-chain TCG value remains in slow, high-friction forms: physical collections or sealed card packs in warehouses. Selling typically means listing on eBay, incurring fees, and facing weeks of delays. On-chain card management and custody platforms can transform this into instant, programmable liquidity.
The core gameplay is: physical vault → tokenization → insertion into DeFi-like tracks.
Platforms can enable slab vaults and tokenization, allowing them to trade and transfer around the clock without physically moving items.
Real-time unpacking solutions can immediately push clicks into users' digital inventories, ready for listing, auctioning, and collateralizing at any time.
Yield vault platforms can act as market makers between different markets, standing on both sides of popular SKUs (chase cards, key slabs, flagship packs) to narrow the price gap with eBay, enabling instant sales rather than "waiting for 10 days for the auction to end."
This can:
Accelerate turnover for shops and collectors.
Enable global price discovery rather than dispersed local pricing.
Incorporate TCG assets into other protocols (lending, AMM, indices, etc.), which would be impossible if everything existed in paper card form.
Auxiliary Products Built on the On-Chain TCG Market Foundation, Allowing for the Emergence of Derivatives
Related to the last point above; once TCG assets are properly digitized (NFTs, vault tokens, price feedback), derivatives and structured products can begin to be built on top of them, transforming collectibles into proper financial primitives.
Examples include:
Perpetual coins/futures
Indices of top-rated cards (e.g., Top 50 Pokémon slabs index)
Specific sealed products (e.g., evolving skies booster box perp)
Options or vault strategies allowing users to bet on the volatility or upside of a set of cards without holding specific cards.
Currency markets using card packs/that article as collateral, with risk management conducted by oracles and liquidators.
Prediction markets around issuance, reprint risks, or PSA count growth, allowing traders to hedge or speculate on the meta-factors driving TCG prices.
These auxiliary products do not directly compete with Gacha or live unpacking but exist above them. Gacha and sealed card/live unpacking platforms handle buying, selling, and inventory management, while derivatives and currency markets handle risk transfer, leverage, and hedging. Together, they transform TCG from a niche collectible ecosystem into an increasingly formalized, multi-layered on-chain financial market.
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