Discussion on Reformers from Ancient to Modern Times:

1/ The first level includes Shang Yang and Deng Gong, who established a dissipative structure, absorbing negative entropy from the outside (land and population vs. orders and ideas), forming a dynamic stability internally (military merit and nobility vs. allowing a group of people to become wealthy).

2/ The second level consists of Yongzheng and Zhang Juzheng, with Yongzheng being more thorough. Of course, Yongzheng also drew on Zhang Juzheng's Single Whip method. They compressed the rigid middle class (bureaucrats, gentry, Eight Banners) within an isolated system, systematically benefiting the lower class (Single Whip Law, unified tax collection from officials and gentry, household registration linked to land). This model can generally sustain life for about a hundred years.

The land reform in New China also had this direction, but it was even more thorough, eliminating the middle layer and completely activating the lower class. Of course, the subsequent people's communes blocked the system, nearly leading to a stroke.

3/ The third level is Wang Anshi. The essence of Wang Anshi's reforms is the power struggle between imperial authority and the interests of the middle class (scholars and old party), which did not benefit the lower class, while imperial authority ultimately succumbed to the already solidified middle class.

免责声明：本文章仅代表作者个人观点，不代表本平台的立场和观点。本文章仅供信息分享，不构成对任何人的任何投资建议。用户与作者之间的任何争议，与本平台无关。如网页中刊载的文章或图片涉及侵权，请提供相关的权利证明和身份证明发送邮件到support@aicoin.com，本平台相关工作人员将会进行核查。