In an agricultural society, productivity is limited, and the mobilization rate of the military has always been quite low. During the classical military state era of the Spring and Autumn period, the common conscription system, which involved training during agricultural off-seasons and drafting soldiers, meant that the proportion of frontline soldiers who were temporarily released from agricultural work rarely exceeded 1:25. As for a fully professional standing army, a soldier-to-civilian ratio of 1:100 was already the limit, and the burden on the state was heavy, making it difficult to sustain in the long term.

After industrialization, the mobilization rate significantly increased. For example, during World War II, countries like Germany, the UK, Japan, and the USA had mobilization rates generally above 15%. This is because the per capita productivity increased, allowing for a larger military force to be supported.

This is only regarding the number of personnel and does not account for the significant differences in the quality of soldiers, organizational forms, and weaponry brought about by industrialization compared to agricultural nations.

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